Abstract
Epidemiological studies reported that vitamin D deficiency represents an increasingly widespread phenomenon in various populations. Vitamin D deficiency is considered a clinical syndrome determined by low circulating levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), which is the biologically-inactive intermediate and represents the predominant circulating form. Different mechanisms have been hypothesized to explain the association between hypovitaminosis D and obesity, including lower dietary intake of vitamin D, lesser skin exposure to sunlight, due to less outdoor physical activity, decreased intestinal absorption, impaired hydroxylation in adipose tissue and 25(OH)D accumulation in fat. However, several studies speculated that vitamin D deficiency itself could cause obesity or prevent weight loss. The fat-solubility of vitamin D leads to the hypothesis that a sequestration process occurs in body fat depots, resulting in a lower bioavailability in the obese state. After investigating the clinical aspects of vitamin D deficiency and the proposed mechanisms for low 25(OH)D in obesity, in this manuscript we discuss the possible role of vitamin D replacement treatment, with different formulations, to restore normal levels in individuals affected by obesity, and evaluate potential positive effects on obesity itself and its metabolic consequences. Food-based prevention strategies for enhancement of vitamin D status and, therefore, lowering skeletal and extra-skeletal diseases risk have been widely proposed in the past decades; however pharmacological supplementation, namely cholecalciferol and calcifediol, is required in the treatment of vitamin D insufficiency and its comorbidities. In individuals affected by obesity, high doses of vitamin D are required to normalize serum vitamin D levels, but the different liposolubility of different supplements should be taken into account. Although the results are inconsistent, some studies reported that vitamin D supplementation may have some beneficial effects in people with obesity.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Access options
Subscribe to this journal
We are sorry, but there is no personal subscription option available for your country.
Buy this article
- Purchase on Springer Link
- Instant access to full article PDF
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Battault S, Whiting SJ, Peltier SL, Sadrin S, Gerber G, Maixent JM. Vitamin D metabolism, functions and needs: from science to health claims. Eur J Nutr. 2013;52:429–41.
Wacker M, Holick MF. Vitamin D—effects on skeletal and extraskeletal health and the need for supplementation. Nutrients. 2013;10:111–48. 5
Holick MF. Resurrection of vitamin D deficiency and rickets. J Clin Invest. 2006;116:2062–72.
Christakos S, Dhawan P, Verstuyf A, Verlinden L, Carmeliet G. Vitamin D: metabolism, molecular mechanism of action, and pleiotropic effects. Physiol Rev. 2016;96:365–408.
DeLuca HF. Overview of general physiologic features and functions of vitamin D. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80(6 Suppl):1689S–96S.
Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Giovannucci E, Willett WC, Dietrich T, Dawson-Hughes B. Estimation of optimal serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D for multiple health outcomes. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84:18–28.
Cooper C, Javaid K, Westlake S, Harvey N, Dennison E. Developmental origins of osteoporotic fracture: the role of maternal vitamin D insufficiency. J Nutr. 2005;135:2728S–34S.
Srikuea R, Zhang X, Park-Sarge OK, Esser KA. VDR and CYP27B1 are expressed in C2C12 cells and regenerating skeletal muscle: Potential role in suppression of myoblast proliferation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2012;303:C396–C405.
Bischoff-Ferrari H. Relevance of vitamin D in muscle health. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2012;13:71–77.
Janssen HC, Samson MM, Verhaar HJ. Vitamin D deficiency, muscle function, and falls in elderly people. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;75:611–5.
Antico A, Tampoia M, Tozzoli R, Bizzaro N. Can supplementation with vitamin D reduce the risk or modify the course of autoimmune diseases? A systematic review of the literature. Autoimmun Rev. 2012;12:127–36.
Bellastella G, Maiorino MI, Petrizzo M, De Bellis A, Capuano A, Esposito K, et al. Vitamin D and autoimmunity: what happens in autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes? J Endocrinol Invest. 2015;38:629–33.
Baeke F, Takiishi T, Korf H, Gysemans C, Mathieu C. Vitamin D: Modulator of the immune system. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2010;10:482–96.
Eyles DW, Burne THJ, McGrath JJ. Vitamin D, effects on brain development, adult brain function and the links between low levels of vitamin D and neuropsychiatric disease. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2012;34:47–64.
Annweiler C, Dursun E, Feron F, Gezen-Ak D, Kalueff AV, Littlejohns T, et al. Vitamin D and cognition in older adults: updated international recommendations. J Intern Med. 2015;277:45–57.
Krishnan AV, Feldman D. Mechanisms of the anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory actions of vitamin D. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2011;51:311–36.
Leung PS. The potential protective action of vitamin D in hepatic insulin resistance and pancreatic islet dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutrients. 2016;5;8:147.
Muscogiuri G, Annweiler C, Duval G, Karras S, Tirabassi G, Salvio G, et al. Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease: From atherosclerosis to myocardial infarction and stroke. Int J Cardiol. 2017;230:577–84.
Xu Y, Sun Z. Molecular basis of klotho: from gene to function in aging. Endocr Rev. 2015;36:174–93.
Abbas MA. Physiological functions of vitamin D in adipose tissue. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2017;165(Pt B):369–38.
Zemel MB. Regulation of adiposity and obesity risk by dietary calcium: Mechanisms and implications. J Am Coll Nutr. 2002;21:146S–51S.
Cheng S, Massaro JM, Fox CS, Larson MG, Keyes MJ, McCabe EL, et al. Adiposity, cardiometabolic risk, and vitamin D status: The Framingham heart study. Diabetes. 2010;59:242–8.
Lamendola CA, Ariel D, Feldman D, Reaven GM. Relations between obesity, insulin resistance, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;95:1055–9.
Wang L, Ma J, Manson JE, Buring JE, Gaziano JM, Sesso HD. A prospective study of plasma vitamin D metabolites, vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms, and risk of hypertension in men. Eur J Nutr. 2013;52:1771–9.
Fraser A, Williams D, Lawlor DA. Associations of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, parathyroid hormone and calcium with cardiovascular risk factors: analysis of 3 NHANES cycles (2001–6). PLoS ONE. 2010;9;5:e13882.
Martins D, Wolf M, Pan D, Zadshir A, Tareen N, Thadhani R, et al. Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and the serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the United States: data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arch Intern Med. 2007;11:1159–65. 167
Pereira-Santos M, Costa PR, Assis AM, Santos CA, Santos DB. Obesity and vitamin D deficiency: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ober Rev. 2015;16:341–9.
Hyppönen E, Power C. Hypovitaminosis D in British adults at age 45 y: nationwide cohort study of dietary and lifestyle predictors. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85:860–8.
Compston JE, Vedi S, Ledger JE, Webb A, Gazet JC, Pilkington TR. Vitamin D status and bone histomorphometry in gross obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 1981;34:2359–63.
Need AG, Morris HA, Horowitz M, Nordin C. Effects of skin thickness, age, body fat, and sunlight on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Am J Clin Nutr. 1993;58:882–5.
Wortsman J, Matsuoka LY, Chen TC, Lu Z, Holick MF. Decreased bioavailability of vitamin D in obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72:690–3.
Drincic AT, Armas LA, Van Diest EE, Heaney RP. Volumetric dilution, rather than sequestration best explains the low vitamin D status of obesity. Obesity. 2012;20:1444–8.
Carrelli A, Bucovsky M, Horst R, Cremers S, Zhang C, Bessler M, et al. Vitamin D storage in adipose tissue of obese and normal weight women. J Bone Miner Res. 2016;32:237–42.
Abboud M, Gordon-Thomson C, Hoy AJ, Balaban S, Rybchyn MS, Cole L, et al. Uptake of 25-hydroxyvitamin D by muscle and fat cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2014;144(Pt A):232–6.
Ryden M, Backdahl J, Petrus P, Thorell A, Gao H, Coue M, et al. Impaired atrial natriuretic peptide-mediated lipolysis in obesity. Int J Obes. 2016;40:714–20.
Zhang J, Hupfeld CJ, Taylor SS, Olefsky JM, Tsien RY. Insulin disrupts beta-adrenergic signalling to protein kinase A in adipocytes. Nature. 2005;437:569–73.
Ding C, Gao D, Wilding J, Trayhurn P, Bing C. Vitamin D signalling in adipose tissue. Br J Nutr. 2012;108:1915–23.
Wamberg L, Christiansen T, Paulsen SK, Fisker S, Rask P, Rejnmark L, et al. Expression of vitamin D-metabolizing enzymes in human adipose tissue—the effect of obesity and diet-induced weight loss. Int J Obes. 2012;37:651–7.
Blaak EE, Van Baak MA, Kemerink GJ, Pakbiers MT, Heidendal GA, Saris WH. beta-Adrenergic stimulation of skeletal muscle metabolism in relation to weight reduction in obese men. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 1994;267::E316–22.
Bougnères P, Stunff CL, Pecqueur C, Pinglier E, Adnot P, Ricquier D. In vivo resistance of lipolysis to epinephrine. A new feature of childhood onset obesity. J Clin Invest. 1997;99:2568–73.
Hellström L, Langin D, Reynisdottir S, Dauzats M, Arner P. Adipocyte lipolysis in normal weight subjects with obesity among first-degree relatives. Diabetologia. 1996;39:921–8.
Jocken JWE, Blaak EE. Catecholamine-induced lipolysis in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle in obesity. Physiol Behav. 2008;94:219–30.
Di Nisio A, De Toni L, Sabovic I, Rocca MS, De Filippis V, Opocher G, et al. Impaired release of vitamin D in dysfunctional adipose tissue: new cues on vitamin D supplementation in obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102:2564–74.
Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Gordon CM, Hanley DA, Heaney RP, et al. Endocrine society. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:1911–30.
WHO—World Health Organization. Obesity and Overweight. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/. Accessed 1 March 2018.
Vanlint S. Vitamin D and obesity. Nutrients. 2013;5:949–56.
Bell NH, Greene A, Epstein S, Oexmann MJ, Shaw S, Shary J. Evidence for alteration of the vitamin D-endocrine system in blacks. J Clin Invest. 1985;76:470–3.
Ding C, Parameswaran V, Blizzard L, Burgess J, Jones G. Not a simple fat-soluble vitamin: Changes in serum 25-(OH)D levels are predicted by adiposity and adipocytokines in older adults. J Intern Med. 2010;268:501–10.
Scragg R, Camargo CA Jr., Frequency of leisure-time physical activity and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in the US population: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;15;168:577–86.
Savastano S, Barrea L, Savanelli MC, Nappi F, Di Somma C, Orio F, et al. Low vitamin D status and obesity: role of nutritionist. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2017;18:215–25.
Vimaleswaran KS, Berry DJ, Lu C, Tikkanen E, Pilz S, Hiraki LT, et al. Causal relationship between obesity and vitamin D status: bi-directional Mendelian randomization analysis of multiple cohorts. PLoS Med. 2013;10:e100138.
Cheng S, Massaro JM, Fox CS, Larson MG, Keyes MJ, McCabe EL, et al. Adiposity, cardiometabolic risk, and vitamin D status: the Framingham Heart Study. Diabetes. 2010;59:242–8.
Arunabh S, Pollack S, Yeh J, Aloia JF. Body fat content and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in healthy women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:157–61.
Brock K, Huang WY, Fraser DR, Ke L, Tseng M, Stolzenberg-Solomon R, et al. Low vitamin D status is associated with physical inactivity, obesity and low vitamin D intake in a large US sample of healthy middle-aged men and women. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2010;121:462–6.
González-Molero I, Rojo-MartÃnez G, Morcillo S, Gutierrez C, Rubio E, Pérez-Valero V, et al. Hypovitaminosis D and incidence of obesity: a prospective study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2013;67:680–2.
Gilbert-Diamond D, Baylin A, Mora-Plazas M, Marin C, Arsenault JE, Hughes MD, et al. Vitamin D deficiency and anthropometric indicators of adiposity in school-age children: a prospective study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;92:1446–51.
Earthman CP, Beckman LM, Masodkar K, Sibley SD. The link between obesity and low circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations: considerations and implications. Int J Obes. 2012;36:387–96.
Khan H, Kunutsor S, Franco OH, Chowdhury R. Vitamin D, type 2 diabetes and other metabolic outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Proc Nutr Soc. 2013;72:89–97.
Hossein-nezhad A, Holick MF. Vitamin D for health: a global perspective. Mayo Clin Proc. 2013;88:720–55.
Hart PH, Lucas RM, Walsh JP, Zosky GR, Whitehouse AJ, Zhu K, et al. Vitamin D in fetal development: findings from a birth cohort study. Pediatrics. 2015;135:e167–73.
Mehmood ZH, Papandreou D. An updated mini review of vitamin D and obesity: adipogenesis and inflammation state. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2016;4:526–32.
Cediel G, Corvalán C, Aguirre C, de Roma-a D, Uauy R. Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D associated with indicators of body fat and insulin resistance in prepubertal chilean children. Int J Obes. 2015;40:147–52.
Cediel G, Corvalan C, Lopez de Romana D, Mericq V, Uauy R. Prepubertal adiposity, vitamin D status, and insulin resistance. Pediatrics. 2016;138:e20160076–e20160076.
Al-Shoumer KA, Al-Essa TM. Is there a relationship between vitamin D with insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus? World J Diabetes. 2015;6:1057–64.
Wimalawansa SJ. Associations of vitamin D with insulin resistance, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2018;175:177–89.
Chagas CE, Borges MC, Martini LA, Rogero MM. Focus on vitamin D, inflammation and type 2 diabetes. Nutrients. 2012;4:52–67.
Pilz S, Kienreich K, Rutters F, de Jongh R, van Ballegooijen AJ, Grübler M, et al. Role of vitamin D in the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Curr Diab Rep. 2013;13:261–70.
Chung SJ, Lee YA, Hong H, Kang MJ, Kwon HJ, Shin CH, et al. Inverse relationship between vitamin D status and insulin resistance and the risk of impaired fasting glucose in Korean children and adolescents: the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2009–10. Public Health Nutr. 2014;17:795–802.
Olson M, Maalouf N, Oden J, White P, Hutchison M. Vitamin D deficiency in obese children and its relationship to glucose homeostasis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97:279–28.
Kayaniyil S, Harris SB, Retnakaran R, Vieth R, Knight JA, Gerstein HC, et al. Prospective association of 25(OH)D with metabolic syndrome. Clin Endocrinol. 2014;80:502–5075.
Seo JA, Eun CR, Cho H, Lee SK, Yoo HJ, Kim SG, et al. Low vitamin D status is associated with nonalcoholic Fatty liver disease independent of visceral obesity in Korean adults. PLoS ONE. 2013;9:e75197.
Rusconi RE, De Cosmi V, Gianluca G, Giavoli C, Agostoni C. Vitamin D insufficiency in obese children and relation with lipid profile. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2015;66:132–4.
Riek AE, Oh J, Sprague JE, Timpson A, de las Fuentes L, Bernal-Mizrachi L, et al. Vitamin D suppression of endoplasmic reticulum stress promotes an antiatherogenic monocyte/macrophage phenotype in type 2 diabetic patients. J Biol Chem. 2012;287:38482–94.
Wang TJ, Pencina MJ, Booth SL, Jacques PF, Ingelsson E, Lanier K, et al. Vitamin D deficiency and risk of cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2008;117:503–11. 29
Fornari R, Francomano D, Greco EA, Marocco C, Lubrano C, Wannenes F, et al. Lean mass in obese adult subjects correlates with higher levels of vitamin D, insulin sensitivity and lower inflammation. J Endocrinol Invest. 2015;38:367–72.
Ordóñez Mena JM, Brenner H. Vitamin D and cancer: an overview on epidemiological studies. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2014;359:17–32.
Feldman D, Krishnan AV, Swami S, Giovannucci E, Feldman BJ. The role of vitamin D in reducing cancer risk and progression. Nat Rev Cancer. 2014;359:342–57.
Scappaticcio L, Maiorino MI, Bellastella G, Giugliano D, Esposito K. Insights into the relationships between diabetes, prediabetes, and cancer. Endocrine. 2017;56:231–9.
Manousaki D, Richards JB. Low vitamin D levels as a risk factor for cancer. BMJ. 2017;31:359–j4952.
Turer CB, Lin H, Flores G. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among overweight and obese US children. Pediatrics. 2013;131:e152–e161.
Bellone S, Esposito S, Giglione E, et al. Vitamin D levels in a paediatric population of normal weight and obese subjects. J Endocrinol Invest. 2014;37:805–9.
Peterson C. Vitamin D deficiency and childhood obesity: interactions, implications, and recommendations. Nutr Dietary Suppl. 2015;7:29–3.
Peterson CA, Tosh AK, Belenchia AM. Vitamin D insufficiency and insulin resistance in obese adolescents. Ther Adv Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;5:166–89.
Dolinsky DH, Armstrong S, Mangarelli C, Kemper AR. The association between vitamin D and cardiometabolic risk factors in children: a systematic review. Clin Pediatr. 2013;52:210–23.
Yildiz I, Erol OB, Toprak S, et al. Role of vitamin D in children with hepatosteatosis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2014;59:106–11.
Black LJ, Jacoby P, She Ping-Delfos WC, et al. Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations associate with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in adolescents independent of adiposity. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;29:1215–22.
Katz K, Brar PC, Parekh N, Liu YH, Weitzman M. Suspected nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is not associated with vitamin d status in adolescents after adjustment for obesity. J Obes. 2010;2010:496829.
NIH—National Institutes of Health. Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. NIH Consens Statement 2000;17:1–45
Buyukinan M, Ozen S, Kokkun S, Saz EU. The relation of vitamin D deficiency with puberty and insulin resistance in obese children and adolescents. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2012;25:83–87.
Kelly A, Brooks LJ, Dougherty S, Carlow DC, Zemel BS. A cross-sectional study of vitamin D and insulin resistance in children. Arch Dis Child. 2011;96:447–52.
Creo AL, Rosen JS, Ariza AJ, Hidaka KM, Binns HJ. Vitamin D levels, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular risks in very young obese children. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2013;26:97–104.
Soleymani T, Tejavanija S, Morgan S. Obesity, bariatric surgery, and bone. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2011;23:396–405.
Yu EW. Bone metabolism after bariatric surgery. J Bone Miner Res. 2014;29:1507–18.
Brzozowska MM, Sainsbury A, Eisman JA, Baldock PA, Center JA. Bariatric surgery, bone loss, obesity and possible mechanisms. Obes Rev. 2013;14:52–67.
Stein EM, Silverberg S. Bone loss after bariatric surgery: causes, consequences, and management. Lancet Diab Endocrinol. 2014;2:165–74.
Lespessailles E, Toumi H. Vitamin D alteration associated with obesity and bariatric surgery. Exp Biol Med. 2017;242:1086–94.
Koch TR, Finelli FC. Postoperative metabolic and nutritional complications of bariatric surgery. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2010;39:109–24.
Giusti V, Gasteyger C, Suter M, Heraief E, Gaillard RC, Burkhardt P. Gastric banding induces negative bone remodelling in the absence of secondary hyperparathyroidism: Potential role of serum C telopeptides for follow-up. Int J Obes. 2005;29:1429–35.
Nogués X, Goday A, Peña MJ, Benaiges D, de Ramón M, Crous X, et al. Bone mass loss after sleeve gastrectomy: a prospective comparative study with gastric bypass. Cir Esp. 2010;88:103–9.
De Prisco C, Levine SN. Metabolic bone disease after gastric bypass surgery for obesity. Am J Med Sci. 2005;329:57–61.
Fleisher J, Stein EM, Bessler M, Della Badia M, Restuccia N, Olivero-Rivera L, et al. The decline in hip bone density after gastric bypass surgery is associated with extent of weight loss. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:3735–40.
Stein EM, Carrelli A, Young P, Bucovsky M, Zhang C, Schrope B, et al. Bariatric surgery results in cortical bone loss. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98:541–49.
Hewitt S, Sovik TT, Aasheim ET, Kristinsson J, Jahnsen J, Birketvedt GS, et al. Secondary hyperparathyroidism, vitamin D sufficiency, and serum calcium 5 years after gastric bypass and duodenal switch. Obes Surg. 2013;23:384–90.
Aasheim ET, Hofso D, Sovik TT. Vitamin supplements after bariatric surgery. Clin Endocrinol. 2010;72:134–5.
Cashman KD. A review of vitamin D status and CVD. Proc Nutr Soc. 2014;73:65–72.
Ganji V, Zhang X, Shaikh N, Tangpricha V. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are associated with prevalence of metabolic syndrome and various cardiometabolic risk factors in US children and adolescents based on assay-adjusted serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D data from NHANES 2001–6. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;94:225–33.
Lee P, Greenfield JR, Seibel MJ, Eisman JA, Center JR. Adequacy of vitamin D replacement in severe deficiency is dependent on body mass index. Am J Med. 2009;122:1056–60.
Camozzi V, Frigo AC, Zaninotto M, Sanguin F, Plebani M, Boscaro M, et al. 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol response to single oral cholecalciferol loading in the normal weight, overweight, and obese. Osteoporos Int. 2016;27:2593–602.
Didriksen A, Burild A, Jakobsen J, Fuskevag OM, Jorde R. Vitamin D3 increases in abdominal subcutaneous fat tissue after supplementation with vitamin D3. Eur J Endocrinol. 2015;172:235–41.
Cashman KD, Seamans KM, Lucey AJ, Sto E, Weber P, Kiely M, et al. Relative effectiveness of oral 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 and vitamin D 3 in raising wintertime serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in older adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;95:1350–6.
Ekwaru JP, Zwicker JD, Holick MF, Giovannucci E, Veugelers PJ, Ebeling P, et al. The importance of body weight for the dose response relationship of oral vitamin D supplementation and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in healthy volunteers. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e111265.
Salehpour A, Hosseinpanah F, Shidfar F, Vafa M, Razaghi M, Dehghani S, et al. A 12-week double-blind randomized clinical trial of vitamin D3 supplementation on body fat mass in healthy overweight and obese women. Nutr J. 2012;11:78.
Gallagher JC, Yalamanchili V, Smith LM. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on serum 25(OH)D in thin and obese women. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2013;136:195–200.
Mechanick JI, Youdim A, Jones DB, Garvey WT, Hurley DL, McMahon MM, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists; Obesity Society; American Society for Metabolic & Bariatric Surgery. Clinical practice guidelines for the perioperative nutritional, metabolic, and nonsurgical support of the bariatric surgery patient—2013 update: cosponsored by American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, The Obesity Society, and American Society for Metabolic & Bariatric Surgery. Obesity. 2013;21(Suppl 1):S1–27.
Misra M, Pacaud D, Petryk A, Collett-Solberg PF, Kappy M. Vitamin D deficiency in children and its management: review of current knowledge and recommendations. Pediatrics. 2008;122:398–417.
Radhakishun NN, van Vliet M, Poland DC, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of a high loading dose (25,000 IU weekly) vitamin D3 supplementation in obese children with vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency. Horm Res Paediatr. 2014;82:103–6.
Acknowledgements
Obesity Programs of nutrition, Education, Research and Assessment (OPERA) group members served as collaborators and approved the final version of the manuscript: Annamaria Colao, Antonio Aversa, Barbara Altieri, Luigi Angrisani, Giuseppe Annunziata, Rocco Barazzoni, Luigi Barrea, Giuseppe Bellastella, Bernadette Biondi, Elena Cantone, Brunella Capaldo, Sara Cassarano, Rosario Cuomo, Luigi Di Luigi, Andrea Di Nisio, Carla Di Somma, Ludovico Docimo, Katherine Esposito, Carlo Foresta, Pietro Forestieri, Alessandra Gambineri, Francesco Garifalos, Cristiano Giardiello, Carla /Giordano, Francesco Giorgino, Dario Giugliano, Daniela Laudisio, Davide Lauro, Andrea Lenzi, Silvia Magno, Paolo Macchia, MariaIda Maiorino, Emilio Manno, Chiara Marocco, Paolo Marzullo, Chiara Mele, Davide Menafra, Silvia Migliaccio, Marcello Monda, Filomena Morisco, Fabrizio Muratori, Giovanna Muscogiuri, Mario Musella, Gerardo Nardone, Claudia Oriolo, Uberto Pagotto, Pasquale Perrone Filardi, Luigi Piazza, Rosario Pivonello, Barbara Polese, Paolo Pozzilli, Giulia Puliani, Stefano Radellini, Gabriele Riccardi, Domenico Salvatore, Ferruccio Santini, Giovanni Sarnelli, Lorenzo Scappaticcio, Silvia Savastano, Bruno Trimarco, Dario Tuccinardi, Paola Vairano, Nunzia Verde, Roberto Vettor.
Funding
This article is published as part of a supplement funded by Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Naples, Italy.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Consortia
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
SM received consulting fees from Aegerion, Shire, and Eli Lilly. The remaining authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Migliaccio, S., Di Nisio, A., Mele, C. et al. Obesity and hypovitaminosis D: causality or casualty?. Int J Obes Supp 9, 20–31 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41367-019-0010-8
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41367-019-0010-8
This article is cited by
-
Association between vitamin D deficiency and lipid profiles in overweight and obese adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis
BMC Public Health (2023)
-
Vitamin D and malabsorptive gastrointestinal conditions: A bidirectional relationship?
Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (2023)
-
Calcifediol: a review of its pharmacological characteristics and clinical use in correcting vitamin D deficiency
European Journal of Nutrition (2023)
-
Vitamin D status and supplementation before and after Bariatric Surgery: Recommendations based on a systematic review and meta-analysis
Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (2023)
-
Vitamin D status modulates mitochondrial oxidative capacities in skeletal muscle: role in sarcopenia
Communications Biology (2022)