Nature Neuroscience A multidisciplinary journal that publishes papers of the highest quality and significance in all areas of neuroscience. http://www.nature.com/neuro/current_issue/ Nature Publishing Group en © 2008 Nature Publishing Group Nature Neuroscience 1097-6256 1546-1726 © 2008 Nature Publishing Group permissions@nature.com Nature Neuroscience http://www.nature.com/includes/rj_globnavimages/nn_logo.gif http://www.nature.com/neuro/ Olfactory perceptual stability and discrimination http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2217 No two roses smell exactly alike, but our brain accurately bundles these variations into a single percept 'rose'. The authors now report that although olfactory bulb neurons decorrelate odor mixtures that are quite similar, piriform cortex neuronal responses show pattern completion and predict olfactory perception. Olfactory perceptual stability and discrimination

Nature Neuroscience 11, 1378 (2008). doi:10.1038/nn.2217

Authors: Dylan C Barnes, Rylon D Hofacer, Ashiq R Zaman, Robert L Rennaker & Donald A Wilson

No two roses smell exactly alike, but our brain accurately bundles these variations into a single percept 'rose'. We found that ensembles of rat olfactory bulb neurons decorrelate complex mixtures that vary by as little as a single missing component, whereas olfactory (piriform) cortical neural ensembles perform pattern completion in response to an absent component, essentially filling in the missing information and allowing perceptual stability. This piriform cortical ensemble activity predicts olfactory perception.

]]> Olfactory perceptual stability and discrimination Dylan C Barnes Rylon D Hofacer Ashiq R Zaman Robert L Rennaker Donald A Wilson doi:10.1038/nn.2217 Nature Neuroscience 11, 1378 (2008) 2008-11-02 Nature Neuroscience 2008-11-02 11 12 Brief Communication 1378 1380 Dopamine in amygdala gates limbic processing of aversive stimuli in humans http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2222 Dopamine is known to contribute to the amygdala-mediated aversive response, where increased dopamine release can augment amygdala function. Combining fMRI and PET imaging techniques, Kienast et al. present findings that suggest a functional link between anxiety temperament, dopamine storage capacity and emotional processing in the amygdala. Dopamine in amygdala gates limbic processing of aversive stimuli in humans

Nature Neuroscience 11, 1381 (2008). doi:10.1038/nn.2222

Authors: Thorsten Kienast, Ahmad R Hariri, Florian Schlagenhauf, Jana Wrase, Philipp Sterzer, Hans Georg Buchholz, Michael N Smolka, Gerhard Gründer, Paul Cumming, Yoshitaka Kumakura, Peter Bartenstein, Raymond J Dolan & Andreas Heinz

Dopamine is released under stress and modulates processing of aversive stimuli. We found that dopamine storage capacity in human amygdala, measured with 6-[18F]fluoro-L-DOPA positron emission tomography, was positively correlated with functional magnetic resonance imaging blood oxygen level–dependent signal changes in amygdala and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex that were evoked by aversive stimuli. Furthermore, functional connectivity between these two regions was inversely related to trait anxiety. Our results suggest that individual dopamine storage capacity in amygdala subserves modulation of emotional processing in amygdala and dorsal cingulate, thereby contributing to individual differences in anxious temperament.

]]> Dopamine in amygdala gates limbic processing of aversive stimuli in humans Thorsten Kienast Ahmad R Hariri Florian Schlagenhauf Jana Wrase Philipp Sterzer Hans Georg Buchholz Michael N Smolka Gerhard Gründer Paul Cumming Yoshitaka Kumakura Peter Bartenstein Raymond J Dolan Andreas Heinz doi:10.1038/nn.2222 Nature Neuroscience 11, 1381 (2008) 2008-11-02 Nature Neuroscience 2008-11-02 11 12 Brief Communication 1381 1382 Real-time chemical responses in the nucleus accumbens differentiate rewarding and aversive stimuli http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2219 fMRI studies suggest that nucleus accumbens (NAc) activation increases in response to stimuli of different hedonic valence, whereas physiological evidence suggests that NAc neurons show increases in activity for rewarding stimuli and pauses for aversive stimuli. Using cyclic voltammetry, the authors find that patterns of dopamine release and metabolic activity differentiate between rewarding and aversive stimuli. Real-time chemical responses in the nucleus accumbens differentiate rewarding and aversive stimuli

Nature Neuroscience 11, 1376 (2008). doi:10.1038/nn.2219

Authors: Mitchell F Roitman, Robert A Wheeler, R Mark Wightman & Regina M Carelli

Rewarding and aversive stimuli evoke very different patterns of behavior and are rapidly discriminated. Here taste stimuli of opposite hedonic valence evoked opposite patterns of dopamine and metabolic activity within milliseconds in the nucleus accumbens. This rapid encoding may serve to guide ongoing behavioral responses and promote plastic changes in underlying circuitry.

]]> Real-time chemical responses in the nucleus accumbens differentiate rewarding and aversive stimuli Mitchell F Roitman Robert A Wheeler R Mark Wightman Regina M Carelli doi:10.1038/nn.2219 Nature Neuroscience 11, 1376 (2008) 2008-11-02 Nature Neuroscience 2008-11-02 11 12 Brief Communication 1376 1377 Distinct gating modes determine the biphasic relaxation of NMDA receptor currents http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2214 Following brief stimulation, macroscopic NMDA receptor currents decay with biphasic kinetics believed to reflect glutamate dissociation and receptor desensitization. The authors show that the fast and slow decay components arise from the deactivation of receptor populations that gate with short and long openings. Distinct gating modes determine the biphasic relaxation of NMDA receptor currents

Nature Neuroscience 11, 1373 (2008). doi:10.1038/nn.2214

Authors: Wei Zhang, James R Howe & Gabriela K Popescu

Following brief stimulation, macroscopic NMDA receptor currents decay with biphasic kinetics that is believed to reflect glutamate dissociation and receptor desensitization. We found that the fast and slow decay components arise from the simultaneous deactivation of receptor populations that gate with short and long openings, respectively. Because individual receptors switched infrequently between gating modes, the relaxation time course was largely determined by the proportion of channels in each gating mode at the time of stimulation.

]]> Distinct gating modes determine the biphasic relaxation of NMDA receptor currents Wei Zhang James R Howe Gabriela K Popescu doi:10.1038/nn.2214 Nature Neuroscience 11, 1373 (2008) 2008-10-26 Nature Neuroscience 2008-10-26 11 12 Brief Communication 1373 1375 Estimating the sources of motor errors for adaptation and generalization http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2229 The nervous system produces accurate movements by adapting to environmental changes. The authors construct a probabilistic model that compensates for motor errors and estimates their sources, finding that if the motor system used such a strategy, it would explain many previously observed movement-generalization phenomena. Estimating the sources of motor errors for adaptation and generalization

Nature Neuroscience 11, 1454 (2008). doi:10.1038/nn.2229

Authors: Max Berniker & Konrad Kording

]]> Estimating the sources of motor errors for adaptation and generalization Max Berniker Konrad Kording doi:10.1038/nn.2229 Nature Neuroscience 11, 1454 (2008) 2008-11-16 Nature Neuroscience 2008-11-16 11 12 Article 1454 1461 FGF acts as a co-transmitter through adenosine A2A receptor to regulate synaptic plasticity http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2216 Adenosine receptor A2AR is known to antagonize dopaminergic signaling in the striatum and its malfunctions have been implicated in various striatum-related diseases. Flajolet et al. show that A2AR and fibroblast growth factor receptor interact to synergistically activate ERK1/2 pathway and that such interaction modulates the morphological changes of cultured neurons and synaptic plasticity of cortico-striatal synapses. FGF acts as a co-transmitter through adenosine A2A receptor to regulate synaptic plasticity

Nature Neuroscience 11, 1402 (2008). doi:10.1038/nn.2216

Authors: Marc Flajolet, Zhongfeng Wang, Marie Futter, Weixing Shen, Nina Nuangchamnong, Jacob Bendor, Iwona Wallach, Angus C Nairn, D James Surmeier & Paul Greengard

]]> FGF acts as a co-transmitter through adenosine A2A receptor to regulate synaptic plasticity Marc Flajolet Zhongfeng Wang Marie Futter Weixing Shen Nina Nuangchamnong Jacob Bendor Iwona Wallach Angus C Nairn D James Surmeier Paul Greengard doi:10.1038/nn.2216 Nature Neuroscience 11, 1402 (2008) 2008-10-26 Nature Neuroscience 2008-10-26 11 12 Article 1402 1409 β-catenin–mediated Wnt signaling regulates neurogenesis in the ventral telencephalon http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2226 Genetic ablation of β-catenin in the embryonic ventral forebrain restricted proliferation of neural precursors in the medial ganglionic eminence, resulting in fewer cholinergic projection neurons in basal forebrain and fewer calbindin- and somatostatin-positive interneurons in the cortex. This work suggests a crucial role for canonical Wnt signaling in ventral forebrain neurogenesis. β-catenin–mediated Wnt signaling regulates neurogenesis in the ventral telencephalon

Nature Neuroscience 11, 1383 (2008). doi:10.1038/nn.2226

Authors: Alexandra A Gulacsi & Stewart A Anderson

]]> β-catenin–mediated Wnt signaling regulates neurogenesis in the ventral telencephalon Alexandra A Gulacsi Stewart A Anderson doi:10.1038/nn.2226 Nature Neuroscience 11, 1383 (2008) 2008-11-09 Nature Neuroscience 2008-11-09 11 12 Article 1383 1391 Motor modulation of afferent somatosensory circuits http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2227 In sedated and whisking rats, the authors show that motor cortex activity enhances sensory processing through a cortico-cortico-thalamic feedback circuit. In whisking rats, however, inhibitory brainstem input to the thalamus was also enhanced, leading to a net suppression of thalamic sensory responses. Motor modulation of afferent somatosensory circuits

Nature Neuroscience 11, 1430 (2008). doi:10.1038/nn.2227

Authors: SooHyun Lee, George E Carvell & Daniel J Simons

]]> Motor modulation of afferent somatosensory circuits SooHyun Lee George E Carvell Daniel J Simons doi:10.1038/nn.2227 Nature Neuroscience 11, 1430 (2008) 2008-11-16 Nature Neuroscience 2008-11-16 11 12 Article 1430 1438 Continuous shifts in the active set of spinal interneurons during changes in locomotor speed http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2225 The authors here show that two completely different classes of spinal premotor interneurons drive motoneurons during slow and fast swimming of zebrafish larvae. As the fish accelerate, the 'slow' interneurons are progressively silenced, while the 'fast' interneurons take over, and vice versa. Continuous shifts in the active set of spinal interneurons during changes in locomotor speed

Nature Neuroscience 11, 1419 (2008). doi:10.1038/nn.2225

Authors: David L McLean, Mark A Masino, Ingrid Y Y Koh, W Brent Lindquist & Joseph R Fetcho

]]> Continuous shifts in the active set of spinal interneurons during changes in locomotor speed David L McLean Mark A Masino Ingrid Y Y Koh W Brent Lindquist Joseph R Fetcho doi:10.1038/nn.2225 Nature Neuroscience 11, 1419 (2008) 2008-11-09 Nature Neuroscience 2008-11-09 11 12 Article 1419 1429 PDGFRA/NG2 glia generate myelinating oligodendrocytes and piriform projection neurons in adult mice http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2220 About 4% of the cells in the adult rodent brain are PDGFRA+ NG2+ glia, derived from the oligodendrocyte lineage. Rivers and colleagues constructed a transgenic mouse to fate map the PDGFRA+ glia. In the adult corpus callosum, these cells generated substantial numbers of late-myelinating oligodendrocytes. In the cortex, little late myelination was observed; instead, PDGFRA+ precursors seemed to continuously generate small numbers of projection neurons mainly in piriform cortex. PDGFRA/NG2 glia generate myelinating oligodendrocytes and piriform projection neurons in adult mice

Nature Neuroscience 11, 1392 (2008). doi:10.1038/nn.2220

Authors: Leanne E Rivers, Kaylene M Young, Matteo Rizzi, Françoise Jamen, Konstantina Psachoulia, Anna Wade, Nicoletta Kessaris & William D Richardson

]]> PDGFRA/NG2 glia generate myelinating oligodendrocytes and piriform projection neurons in adult mice Leanne E Rivers Kaylene M Young Matteo Rizzi Françoise Jamen Konstantina Psachoulia Anna Wade Nicoletta Kessaris William D Richardson doi:10.1038/nn.2220 Nature Neuroscience 11, 1392 (2008) 2008-10-08 Nature Neuroscience 2008-10-08 11 12 Article 1392 1401 Sensory-motor mechanisms in human parietal cortex underlie arbitrary visual decisions http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2221 It has been proposed that neurons in the intraparietal cortex gradually accumulate evidence supporting different response options. Here the authors show that this model generalizes to arbitrary stimulus-response associations in humans. Sensory-motor mechanisms in human parietal cortex underlie arbitrary visual decisions

Nature Neuroscience 11, 1446 (2008). doi:10.1038/nn.2221

Authors: Annalisa Tosoni, Gaspare Galati, Gian Luca Romani & Maurizio Corbetta

]]> Sensory-motor mechanisms in human parietal cortex underlie arbitrary visual decisions Annalisa Tosoni Gaspare Galati Gian Luca Romani Maurizio Corbetta doi:10.1038/nn.2221 Nature Neuroscience 11, 1446 (2008) 2008-11-09 Nature Neuroscience 2008-11-09 11 12 Article 1446 1453 Feedback of visual object information to foveal retinotopic cortex http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2218 The authors report that fMRI responses in human foveal retinotopic cortex contain information about objects presented in the periphery. This information is position invariant and correlated with perceptual discrimination accuracy. Feedback of visual object information to foveal retinotopic cortex

Nature Neuroscience 11, 1439 (2008). doi:10.1038/nn.2218

Authors: Mark A Williams, Chris I Baker, Hans P Op de Beeck, Won Mok Shim, Sabin Dang, Christina Triantafyllou & Nancy Kanwisher

]]> Feedback of visual object information to foveal retinotopic cortex Mark A Williams Chris I Baker Hans P Op de Beeck Won Mok Shim Sabin Dang Christina Triantafyllou Nancy Kanwisher doi:10.1038/nn.2218 Nature Neuroscience 11, 1439 (2008) 2008-11-02 Nature Neuroscience 2008-11-02 11 12 Article 1439 1445 GABAB receptor activation mediates frequency-dependent plasticity of developing GABAergic synapses http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2215 Hippocampal GABAergic synapses are excitatory during the early postnatal period and can undergo spike timing-dependent modifications of synaptic strength. Xu and colleagues demonstrate that this plasticity can be modulated bidirectionally by frequency and that it depends on the action of GABAB receptors. GABAB receptor activation mediates frequency-dependent plasticity of developing GABAergic synapses

Nature Neuroscience 11, 1410 (2008). doi:10.1038/nn.2215

Authors: Chun Xu, Man-xia Zhao, Mu-ming Poo & Xiao-hui Zhang

]]> GABAB receptor activation mediates frequency-dependent plasticity of developing GABAergic synapses Chun Xu Man-xia Zhao Mu-ming Poo Xiao-hui Zhang doi:10.1038/nn.2215 Nature Neuroscience 11, 1410 (2008) 2008-10-26 Nature Neuroscience 2008-10-26 11 12 Article 1410 1418 And motion changes it all http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1208-1369 Demonstrating how specific motor signals modulate sensory processing in the rat vibrissal system, a new study in this issue shows that motor signals first attenuate and then amplify afferent sensory signals. And motion changes it all

Nature Neuroscience 11, 1369 (2008). doi:10.1038/nn1208-1369

Author: Ehud Ahissar

Demonstrating how specific motor signals modulate sensory processing in the rat vibrissal system, a new study in this issue shows that motor signals first attenuate and then amplify afferent sensory signals.

]]> And motion changes it all Ehud Ahissar doi:10.1038/nn1208-1369 Nature Neuroscience 11, 1369 (2008) Nature Neuroscience 11 12 News and Views 1369 1370 A rose by any other name http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1208-1372 A rose by any other name

Nature Neuroscience 11, 1372 (2008). doi:10.1038/nn1208-1372

Author: Hannah Bayer

]]> A rose by any other name Hannah Bayer doi:10.1038/nn1208-1372 Nature Neuroscience 11, 1372 (2008) Nature Neuroscience 11 12 News and Views 1372 1372 Switching gears in the spinal cord http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1208-1367 A study in this issue shows that zebrafish larvae deploy different groups of excitatory spinal interneurons to drive slow, fast and top speed swimming. As one set is gradually activated, the others are partially or fully inhibited. Switching gears in the spinal cord

Nature Neuroscience 11, 1367 (2008). doi:10.1038/nn1208-1367

Authors: Abdeljabbar El Manira & Sten Grillner

A study in this issue shows that zebrafish larvae deploy different groups of excitatory spinal interneurons to drive slow, fast and top speed swimming. As one set is gradually activated, the others are partially or fully inhibited.

]]> Switching gears in the spinal cord Abdeljabbar El Manira Sten Grillner doi:10.1038/nn1208-1367 Nature Neuroscience 11, 1367 (2008) Nature Neuroscience 11 12 News and Views 1367 1368 From eIF2alpha to Ebbinghaus http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1208-1363 From eIF2alpha to Ebbinghaus

Nature Neuroscience 11, 1363 (2008). doi:10.1038/nn1208-1363

Authors: Paul W Frankland & Karim Nader

]]> From eIF2alpha to Ebbinghaus Paul W Frankland Karim Nader doi:10.1038/nn1208-1363 Nature Neuroscience 11, 1363 (2008) Nature Neuroscience 11 12 Book Review 1363 1363 Glial progenitor cells in the adult brain reveal their alternate fate http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1208-1365 Glial cells that express NG2 and platelet-derived growth factor receptor α are found throughout the mature CNS. These cells are mitotically active, but their functions remain enigmatic. A genetic fate-mapping study in this issue shows that these abundant glial cells can generate both oligodendrocytes and some cortical projection neurons in the adult brain. Glial progenitor cells in the adult brain reveal their alternate fate

Nature Neuroscience 11, 1365 (2008). doi:10.1038/nn1208-1365

Authors: Shin H Kang & Dwight E Bergles

Glial cells that express NG2 and platelet-derived growth factor receptor α are found throughout the mature CNS. These cells are mitotically active, but their functions remain enigmatic. A genetic fate-mapping study in this issue shows that these abundant glial cells can generate both oligodendrocytes and some cortical projection neurons in the adult brain.

]]> Glial progenitor cells in the adult brain reveal their alternate fate Shin H Kang Dwight E Bergles doi:10.1038/nn1208-1365 Nature Neuroscience 11, 1365 (2008) Nature Neuroscience 11 12 News and Views 1365 1367 Erratum: The uncrowded window of object recognition http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1208-1463b Erratum: The uncrowded window of object recognition

Nature Neuroscience 11, 1463 (2008). doi:10.1038/nn1208-1463b

Authors: Denis G Pelli & Katharine A Tillman

]]> Erratum: The uncrowded window of object recognition Denis G Pelli Katharine A Tillman doi:10.1038/nn1208-1463b Nature Neuroscience 11, 1463 (2008) Nature Neuroscience 11 12 Erratum 1463 1463 Paying attention to correlated neural activity http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1208-1371 Correlations in firing rate between pairs of neurons can change depending on task and attentional demands. This new finding suggests that measuring correlations can help to reveal how neural circuits process information. Paying attention to correlated neural activity

Nature Neuroscience 11, 1371 (2008). doi:10.1038/nn1208-1371

Authors: Alexandre Pouget & Gregory C DeAngelis

Correlations in firing rate between pairs of neurons can change depending on task and attentional demands. This new finding suggests that measuring correlations can help to reveal how neural circuits process information.

]]> Paying attention to correlated neural activity Alexandre Pouget Gregory C DeAngelis doi:10.1038/nn1208-1371 Nature Neuroscience 11, 1371 (2008) Nature Neuroscience 11 12 News and Views 1371 1372 The plight of the precari http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1208-1361 On the heels of a new law, scientists in Italy are facing precarious times yet again. The plight of the precari

Nature Neuroscience 11, 1361 (2008). doi:10.1038/nn1208-1361

On the heels of a new law, scientists in Italy are facing precarious times yet again.

]]> The plight of the precari doi:10.1038/nn1208-1361 Nature Neuroscience 11, 1361 (2008) Nature Neuroscience 11 12 Editorial 1361 1361 Corrigendum: Deciphering citation statistics http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1208-1463a Corrigendum: Deciphering citation statistics

Nature Neuroscience 11, 1463 (2008). doi:10.1038/nn1208-1463a

]]> Corrigendum: Deciphering citation statistics doi:10.1038/nn1208-1463a Nature Neuroscience 11, 1463 (2008) Nature Neuroscience 11 12 Corrigendum 1463 1463