Prospects for AIDS prevention - p587

doi:10.1038/nm0608-587

With the future of HIV vaccines unclear, the pursuit of alternate strategies to curb the spread of AIDS is welcome.

Abstract - | Full Text - Prospects for AIDS prevention | PDF (92 KB) - Prospects for AIDS prevention

NACO and the World Bank are correct in their crackdowns - p588

D Gene Pace & Omar Bagasra

doi:10.1038/nm0608-588

Full Text - NACO and the World Bank are correct in their crackdowns | PDF (56 KB) - NACO and the World Bank are correct in their crackdowns

Concerns over 'shifting sands' linger as genetic testing expands - p589

Roxanne Khamsi

doi:10.1038/nm0608-589

Full Text - Concerns over 'shifting sands' linger as genetic testing expands | PDF (240 KB) - Concerns over 'shifting sands' linger as genetic testing expands

Britain moves toward loosening embryo laws despite objections - p590

Michael Hopkin

doi:10.1038/nm0608-590a

Full Text - Britain moves toward loosening embryo laws despite objections | PDF (221 KB) - Britain moves toward loosening embryo laws despite objections

International effort seeks to identify mutations that drive cancer - p590

Charlie Schmidt

doi:10.1038/nm0608-590b

Full Text - International effort seeks to identify mutations that drive cancer | PDF (221 KB) - International effort seeks to identify mutations that drive cancer

News in brief: headlines from the past month - pp591 - 592

doi:10.1038/nm0608-591

Full Text - News in brief: headlines from the past month | PDF (838 KB) - News in brief: headlines from the past month

Payments in planned HIV trial raise ethical concerns - p593

Meredith Wadman

doi:10.1038/nm0608-593a

Full Text - Payments in planned HIV trial raise ethical concerns | PDF (191 KB) - Payments in planned HIV trial raise ethical concerns

New effort seeks to unravel the mystery of undiagnosed disease - p593

Vicki Brower

doi:10.1038/nm0608-593b

Full Text - New effort seeks to unravel the mystery of undiagnosed disease | PDF (191 KB) - New effort seeks to unravel the mystery of undiagnosed disease

Free to fight disease - pp594 - 597

Apoorva Mandavilli

doi:10.1038/nm0608-594

Long ignored by pharmaceutical companies and global health agencies alike, 'neglected tropical diseases' devastate people in the poorest parts of the world. But they're finally getting the attention they deserve, reports Apoorva Mandavilli.

Abstract - | Full Text - Free to fight disease | PDF (1,189 KB) - Free to fight disease

Donation after disaster strikes - p596

doi:10.1038/nm0608-596

Full Text - Donation after disaster strikes | PDF (237 KB) - Donation after disaster strikes

Straight talk with... Alan Gillespie - pp598 - 599

doi:10.1038/nm0608-598

Finding the financial means to achieve global health targets poses a huge challenge. Government donations can take years or even decades after formal approval to actually arrive. To overcome this hurdle and quickly raise huge sums for child vaccination programs, the International Finance Facility for Immunisation (IFFIm, pronounced 'if im') raises funds from private investors by offering them bonds backed by government pledges. Alan Gillespie, chairman of the board at IFFIm, interfaces between the source of the funds, the capital markets and the distributor, the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (The GAVI Alliance). Guided by Gillespie, IFFIm has thus far raised over $1 billion for vaccines, which is already flowing through GAVI into childhood immunization programs. Gillespie, who also serves as chairman of the Ulster Bank Group in Belfast, explains IFFIm's unique funding approach to Genevive Bjorn.

Abstract - | Full Text - Straight talk with... Alan Gillespie | PDF (330 KB) - Straight talk with... Alan Gillespie

The stem cell parade - p601

Margaret A Goodell reviews Cell of Cells by Cynthia Fox

doi:10.1038/nm0608-601

Full Text - The stem cell parade | PDF (96 KB) - The stem cell parade

Multiple layers of metabolism - pp603 - 604

Mukesh K Jain

doi:10.1038/nm0608-603

A new layer of gene regulation emerges for the metabolic regulator peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor- (PPAR-). A team consisting of a Krüppel-like transcription factor and a SUMO protease regulate the expression of PPAR- target genes, thereby controlling energy metabolism (pages 656–666).

Abstract - | Full Text - Multiple layers of metabolism | PDF (184 KB) - Multiple layers of metabolism

See also: Article by Oishi et al.

The long reach of leptin - pp604 - 606

Eleftheria Maratos-Flier

doi:10.1038/nm0608-604

The energy-regulating hormone leptin affects signals emerging from certain brain regions. New results explore the nature of these signals, finding a central role for phosphoinositide-3 kinase in the brain and the endocannabinoid system in adipocytes (pages 667–675).

Abstract - | Full Text - The long reach of leptin | PDF (1,026 KB) - The long reach of leptin

See also: Article by Buettner et al.

Keeping blood clots at bay in sepsis - pp606 - 608

Cornelis van 't Veer & Tom van der Poll

doi:10.1038/nm0608-606

Clearance of platelets by the liver can help counteract the dangerous blood coagulation that can occur during sepsis. The mechanism involves clearance of platelets through the liver's Ashwell receptor, which binds to platelet glycoproteins altered by sepsis-causing bacteria (pages 648–655).

Abstract - | Full Text - Keeping blood clots at bay in sepsis | PDF (1,055 KB) - Keeping blood clots at bay in sepsis

See also: News and Views by | Article by Grewal et al.

Gilbert Ashwell: sweet on science - p608

doi:10.1038/nm0608-608

In 1974, Gilbert Ashwell and Anatol Morell discovered a receptor in the liver that recognizes particular glycoproteins, dubbed asialoglycoproteins. We asked Ashwell about his discoveries and what he thinks of the study by Grewal et al.¹ in this issue, which suggests that the receptor is involved in regulating sepsis.

Abstract - | Full Text - Gilbert Ashwell: sweet on science | PDF (124 KB) - Gilbert Ashwell: sweet on science

See also: News and Views by van 't Veer & van der Poll | Article by Grewal et al.

Lung NKT cell commotion takes your breath away - pp609 - 610

Sebastian Joyce & Luc Van Kaer

doi:10.1038/nm0608-609

Infectious agents can induce inflammatory lung disease akin to asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Work in a new mouse model provides mechanistic insight into this process and uncovers a key role for invariant natural killer T cells (pages 633–640).

Abstract - | Full Text - Lung NKT cell commotion takes your breath away | PDF (539 KB) - Lung NKT cell commotion takes your breath away

See also: Article by Kim et al.

Community corner - p611

doi:10.1038/nm0608-611

Full Text - Community corner | PDF (194 KB) - Community corner

Research Highlights - pp612 - 613

doi:10.1038/nm0608-612

Full Text - Research Highlights | PDF (460 KB) - Research Highlights

Bench to Bedside: Tempering antigen-presenting cells in multiple sclerosis - pp614 - 615

Thomas Prod'homme & Scott S Zamvil

doi:10.1038/nm0608-614

A variety of immune cell types contribute to disease in individuals with multiple sclerosis, an autoimmune condition of the central nervous system. Thomas Prod'homme and Scott Zamvil comment on the 'Bench to Bedside' approach, examining how recent basic research implicates the antigen-presenting cell in this disease. In our 'Bedside to Bench' column, Hans Link explores how recent clinical trials may bolster a mechanistic role for the B cell.

Abstract - | Full Text - Bench to BedsideTempering antigen-presenting cells in multiple sclerosis | PDF (242 KB) - Bench to BedsideTempering antigen-presenting cells in multiple sclerosis

Bedside to Bench: Betting on B cells in multiple sclerosis - pp615 - 616

Hans Link

doi:10.1038/nm0608-615

A variety of immune cell types contribute to disease in individuals with multiple sclerosis, an autoimmune condition of the central nervous system. Thomas Prod'homme and Scott Zamvil comment on the 'Bench to Bedside' approach, examining how recent basic research implicates the antigen-presenting cell in this disease. In our 'Bedside to Bench' column, Hans Link explores how recent clinical trials may bolster a mechanistic role for the B cell.

Abstract - | Full Text - Bedside to BenchBetting on B cells in multiple sclerosis | PDF (99 KB) - Bedside to BenchBetting on B cells in multiple sclerosis

Nonhuman primate models and the failure of the Merck HIV-1 vaccine in humans - pp617 - 621

David I Watkins, Dennis R Burton, Esper G Kallas, John P Moore & Wayne C Koff

doi:10.1038/nm.f.1759

Abstract - | Full Text - Nonhuman primate models and the failure of the Merck HIV-1 vaccine in humans | PDF (394 KB) - Nonhuman primate models and the failure of the Merck HIV-1 vaccine in humans

CD8⁺ T cell efficacy in vaccination and disease - pp623 - 628

Victor Appay, Daniel C Douek & David A Price

doi:10.1038/nm.f.1774

Abstract - | Full Text - CD8+ T cell efficacy in vaccination and disease | PDF (4,973 KB) - CD8+ T cell efficacy in vaccination and disease

Small interfering RNA–mediated xCT silencing in gliomas inhibits neurodegeneration and alleviates brain edema - pp629 - 632

Nicolai E Savaskan, Alexandra Heckel, Eric Hahnen, Tobias Engelhorn, Arnd Doerfler, Oliver Ganslandt, Christopher Nimsky, Michael Buchfelder & Ilker Y Eyüpoglu

doi:10.1038/nm1772

Abstract - | Full Text - Small interfering RNA–mediated xCT silencing in gliomas inhibits neurodegeneration and alleviates brain edema | PDF (364 KB) - Small interfering RNA–mediated xCT silencing in gliomas inhibits neurodegeneration and alleviates brain edema | Supplementary information

Persistent activation of an innate immune response translates respiratory viral infection into chronic lung disease - pp633 - 640

Edy Y Kim, John T Battaile, Anand C Patel, Yingjian You, Eugene Agapov, Mitchell H Grayson, Loralyn A Benoit, Derek E Byers, Yael Alevy, Jennifer Tucker, Suzanne Swanson, Rose Tidwell, Jeffrey W Tyner, Jeffrey D Morton, Mario Castro, Deepika Polineni, G Alexander Patterson, Reto A Schwendener, John D Allard, Gary Peltz & Michael J Holtzman

doi:10.1038/nm1770

Abstract - | Full Text - Persistent activation of an innate immune response translates respiratory viral infection into chronic lung disease | PDF (420 KB) - Persistent activation of an innate immune response translates respiratory viral infection into chronic lung disease | Supplementary information

See also: News and Views by Joyce & Van Kaer

Identification of calcium-modulating cyclophilin ligand as a human host restriction to HIV-1 release overcome by Vpu - pp641 - 647

Vasundhara Varthakavi, Ellen Heimann-Nichols, Rita M Smith, Yuehui Sun, Richard J Bram, Showkat Ali, Jeremy Rose, Lingmei Ding & Paul Spearman

doi:10.1038/nm1778

Abstract - | Full Text - Identification of calcium-modulating cyclophilin ligand as a human host restriction to HIV-1 release overcome by Vpu | PDF (298 KB) - Identification of calcium-modulating cyclophilin ligand as a human host restriction to HIV-1 release overcome by Vpu | Supplementary information

The Ashwell receptor mitigates the lethal coagulopathy of sepsis - pp648 - 655

Prabhjit K Grewal, Satoshi Uchiyama, David Ditto, Nissi Varki, Dzung T Le, Victor Nizet & Jamey D Marth

doi:10.1038/nm1760

Abstract - | Full Text - The Ashwell receptor mitigates the lethal coagulopathy of sepsis | PDF (575 KB) - The Ashwell receptor mitigates the lethal coagulopathy of sepsis

See also: News and Views by van 't Veer & van der Poll | News and Views by Joyce & Van Kaer

SUMOylation of Krüppel-like transcription factor 5 acts as a molecular switch in transcriptional programs of lipid metabolism involving PPAR- - pp656 - 666

Yumiko Oishi, Ichiro Manabe, Kazuyuki Tobe, Mitsuru Ohsugi, Tetsuya Kubota, Katsuhito Fujiu, Koji Maemura, Naoto Kubota, Takashi Kadowaki & Ryozo Nagai

doi:10.1038/nm1756

Abstract - | Full Text - SUMOylation of Krüppel-like transcription factor 5 acts as a molecular switch in transcriptional programs of lipid metabolism involving PPAR- | PDF (360 KB) - SUMOylation of Krüppel-like transcription factor 5 acts as a molecular switch in transcriptional programs of lipid metabolism involving PPAR- | Supplementary information

See also: News and Views by Jain

Leptin controls adipose tissue lipogenesis via central, STAT3–independent mechanisms - pp667 - 675

Christoph Buettner, Evan D Muse, Andrew Cheng, Linghong Chen, Thomas Scherer, Alessandro Pocai, Kai Su, Bob Cheng, Xiasong Li, Judith Harvey-White, Gary J Schwartz, George Kunos & Luciano Rossetti

doi:10.1038/nm1775

Abstract - | Full Text - Leptin controls adipose tissue lipogenesis via central, STAT3–independent mechanisms | PDF (374 KB) - Leptin controls adipose tissue lipogenesis via central, STAT3–independent mechanisms | Supplementary information

See also: News and Views by Maratos-Flier

The anaplastic lymphoma kinase is an effective oncoantigen for lymphoma vaccination - pp676 - 680

Roberto Chiarle, Cinzia Martinengo, Cristina Mastini, Chiara Ambrogio, Valentina D'Escamard, Guido Forni & Giorgio Inghirami

doi:10.1038/nm1769

First Paragraph - | Full Text - The anaplastic lymphoma kinase is an effective oncoantigen for lymphoma vaccination | PDF (376 KB) - The anaplastic lymphoma kinase is an effective oncoantigen for lymphoma vaccination | Supplementary information

Blocking TGF-–Smad2/3 innate immune signaling mitigates Alzheimer-like pathology - pp681 - 687

Terrence Town, Yasmina Laouar, Christopher Pittenger, Takashi Mori, Christine A Szekely, Jun Tan, Ronald S Duman & Richard A Flavell

doi:10.1038/nm1781

First Paragraph - | Full Text - Blocking TGF-–Smad2/3 innate immune signaling mitigates Alzheimer-like pathology | PDF (539 KB) - Blocking TGF-–Smad2/3 innate immune signaling mitigates Alzheimer-like pathology | Supplementary information

Matching of oligoclonal immunoglobulin transcriptomes and proteomes of cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis - pp688 - 693

Birgit Obermeier, Reinhard Mentele, Joachim Malotka, Josef Kellermann, Tania Kümpfel, Hartmut Wekerle, Friedrich Lottspeich, Reinhard Hohlfeld & Klaus Dornmair

doi:10.1038/nm1714

First Paragraph - | Full Text - Matching of oligoclonal immunoglobulin transcriptomes and proteomes of cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis | PDF (253 KB) - Matching of oligoclonal immunoglobulin transcriptomes and proteomes of cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis | Supplementary information