Letter abstract
Nature Materials 7, 31 - 37 (2008)
Published online: 2 December 2007 | doi:10.1038/nmat2072
Subject Categories: Optical, photonic and optoelectronic materials | Nanoscale materials
Three-dimensional photonic metamaterials at optical frequencies
Na Liu1, Hongcang Guo1, Liwei Fu1, Stefan Kaiser2, Heinz Schweizer1 & Harald Giessen1
Metamaterials are artificially structured media with unit cells much smaller than the wavelength of light. They have proved to possess novel electromagnetic properties, such as negative magnetic permeability and negative refractive index1, 2, 3. This enables applications such as negative refraction4, superlensing5 and invisibility cloaking6. Although the physical properties can already be demonstrated in two-dimensional (2D) metamaterials, the practical applications require 3D bulk-like structures4, 5, 6. This prerequisite has been achieved in the gigahertz range for microwave applications owing to the ease of fabrication by simply stacking printed circuit boards4, 6. In the optical domain, such an elegant method has been the missing building block towards the realization of 3D metamaterials. Here, we present a general method to manufacture 3D optical (infrared) metamaterials using a layer-by-layer technique7, 8, 9. Specifically, we introduce a fabrication process involving planarization, lateral alignment and stacking. We demonstrate stacked metamaterials, investigate the interaction between adjacent stacked layers and analyse the optical properties of stacked metamaterials with respect to an increasing number of layers.
- 4. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- 1. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
Correspondence to: Harald Giessen1 e-mail: Giessen@physik.uni-stuttgart.de
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