Nature Reviews Immunology http://www.nature.com/nri/current_issue/ Nature Publishing Group en © 2008 Nature Publishing Group Nature Reviews Immunology 1474-1733 © 2008 Nature Publishing Group permissions@nature.com Nature Reviews Immunology http://www.nature.com/includes/rj_globnavimages/nri_logo.gif http://www.nature.com/nri/ Viral evasion and subversion of pattern-recognition receptor signalling http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2436 The expression of pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) by immune and tissue cells provides the host with the ability to detect and respond to infection by viruses and other microorganisms. Significant progress has been made from studying this area, including the identification of PRRs, such as Toll-like Viral evasion and subversion of pattern-recognition receptor signalling

Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 911 (2008). doi:10.1038/nri2436

Authors: Andrew G. Bowie & Leonie Unterholzner

The expression of pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) by immune and tissue cells provides the host with the ability to detect and respond to infection by viruses and other microorganisms. Significant progress has been made from studying this area, including the identification of PRRs, such as Toll-like

]]> Viral evasion and subversion of pattern-recognition receptor signalling Andrew G. Bowie Leonie Unterholzner doi:10.1038/nri2436 Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 911 (2008) Nature Reviews Immunology 8 12 Review 911 922 Viral immunity: Persistent viruses help opportunists http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2452 Persistent viral infections make the host more susceptible to opportunistic infections by decreasing the production of type I interferons (IFNs) by plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) according to a study by Oldstone and colleagues.Viral infections induce a strong innate immune response that is orchestrated by Viral immunity: Persistent viruses help opportunists

Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 908 (2008). doi:10.1038/nri2452

Author: Rachel David

Persistent viral infections make the host more susceptible to opportunistic infections by decreasing the production of type I interferons (IFNs) by plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) according to a study by Oldstone and colleagues.Viral infections induce a strong innate immune response that is orchestrated by

]]> Viral immunity: Persistent viruses help opportunists Rachel David doi:10.1038/nri2452 Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 908 (2008) Nature Reviews Immunology 8 12 Research Highlight 908 909 T cells: The flexibility of T-cell fates http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2453 The idea is emerging that the fate of CD4+ T-cell subsets might be more flexible than previously thought. Although in vitro data suggest that T helper 1 (TH1) and TH2 cells are irreversibly committed after several cell divisions, T cells: The flexibility of T-cell fates

Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 906 (2008). doi:10.1038/nri2453

Author: Sarah Allan

The idea is emerging that the fate of CD4+ T-cell subsets might be more flexible than previously thought. Although in vitro data suggest that T helper 1 (TH1) and TH2 cells are irreversibly committed after several cell divisions,

]]> T cells: The flexibility of T-cell fates Sarah Allan doi:10.1038/nri2453 Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 906 (2008) Nature Reviews Immunology 8 12 Research Highlight 906 907 Transcriptional regulation by AIRE: molecular mechanisms of central tolerance http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2450 The negative selection of T cells in the thymus is necessary for the maintenance of self tolerance. Medullary thymic epithelial cells have a key function in this process as they express a large number of tissue-specific self antigens that are presented to developing T cells. Transcriptional regulation by AIRE: molecular mechanisms of central tolerance

Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 948 (2008). doi:10.1038/nri2450

Authors: Pärt Peterson, Tõnis Org & Ana Rebane

The negative selection of T cells in the thymus is necessary for the maintenance of self tolerance. Medullary thymic epithelial cells have a key function in this process as they express a large number of tissue-specific self antigens that are presented to developing T cells.

]]> Transcriptional regulation by AIRE: molecular mechanisms of central tolerance Pärt Peterson Tõnis Org Ana Rebane doi:10.1038/nri2450 Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 948 (2008) Nature Reviews Immunology 8 12 Review 948 957 Immunotherapy of autoimmunity and cancer: the penalty for success http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2438 Advances in our understanding of autoimmunity and tumour immunity have led to improvements in immunotherapy for these diseases. Ironically, effective tumour immunity requires the induction of the same responses that underlie autoimmunity, whereas autoimmunity is driven by dysregulation of the same mechanisms that are involved Immunotherapy of autoimmunity and cancer: the penalty for success

Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 970 (2008). doi:10.1038/nri2438

Author: Rachel R. Caspi

Advances in our understanding of autoimmunity and tumour immunity have led to improvements in immunotherapy for these diseases. Ironically, effective tumour immunity requires the induction of the same responses that underlie autoimmunity, whereas autoimmunity is driven by dysregulation of the same mechanisms that are involved

]]> Immunotherapy of autoimmunity and cancer: the penalty for success Rachel R. Caspi doi:10.1038/nri2438 Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 970 (2008) Nature Reviews Immunology 8 12 Perspective 970 976 Innate immunity: Seeing mTOR in a new light http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2457 A recent study published in Immunity shows that the drug rapamycin has a surprisingly pro-inflammatory effect on phagocytic cells, increasing their capacity to produce cytokines, such as interleukin-12 (IL-12), and to prime T helper 1 (TH1)- and TH17-cell responses.Rapamycin Innate immunity: Seeing mTOR in a new light

Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 904 (2008). doi:10.1038/nri2457

Author: Sarah Allan

A recent study published in Immunity shows that the drug rapamycin has a surprisingly pro-inflammatory effect on phagocytic cells, increasing their capacity to produce cytokines, such as interleukin-12 (IL-12), and to prime T helper 1 (TH1)- and TH17-cell responses.Rapamycin

]]> Innate immunity: Seeing mTOR in a new light Sarah Allan doi:10.1038/nri2457 Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 904 (2008) Nature Reviews Immunology 8 12 Research Highlight 904 904 Exploring the full spectrum of macrophage activation http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2448 Macrophages display remarkable plasticity and can change their physiology in response to environmental cues. These changes can give rise to different populations of cells with distinct functions. In this Review we suggest a new grouping of macrophage populations based on three different homeostatic activities — Exploring the full spectrum of macrophage activation

Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 958 (2008). doi:10.1038/nri2448

Authors: David M. Mosser & Justin P. Edwards

Macrophages display remarkable plasticity and can change their physiology in response to environmental cues. These changes can give rise to different populations of cells with distinct functions. In this Review we suggest a new grouping of macrophage populations based on three different homeostatic activities —

]]> Exploring the full spectrum of macrophage activation David M. Mosser Justin P. Edwards doi:10.1038/nri2448 Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 958 (2008) Nature Reviews Immunology 8 12 Review 958 969 Nutrient sensing and inflammation in metabolic diseases http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2449 The proper functioning of the pathways that are involved in the sensing and management of nutrients is central to metabolic homeostasis and is therefore among the most fundamental requirements for survival. Metabolic systems are integrated with pathogen-sensing and immune responses, and these pathways are evolutionarily Nutrient sensing and inflammation in metabolic diseases

Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 923 (2008). doi:10.1038/nri2449

Authors: Gökhan S. Hotamisligil & Ebru Erbay

The proper functioning of the pathways that are involved in the sensing and management of nutrients is central to metabolic homeostasis and is therefore among the most fundamental requirements for survival. Metabolic systems are integrated with pathogen-sensing and immune responses, and these pathways are evolutionarily

]]> Nutrient sensing and inflammation in metabolic diseases Gökhan S. Hotamisligil Ebru Erbay doi:10.1038/nri2449 Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 923 (2008) Nature Reviews Immunology 8 12 Review 923 934 Origin, homeostasis and function of Langerhans cells and other langerin-expressing dendritic cells http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2455 Langerhans cells (LCs) are a specialized subset of dendritic cells (DCs) that populate the epidermal layer of the skin. Langerin is a lectin that serves as a valuable marker for LCs in mice and humans. In recent years, new mouse models have led to the Origin, homeostasis and function of Langerhans cells and other langerin-expressing dendritic cells

Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 935 (2008). doi:10.1038/nri2455

Authors: Miriam Merad, Florent Ginhoux & Matthew Collin

Langerhans cells (LCs) are a specialized subset of dendritic cells (DCs) that populate the epidermal layer of the skin. Langerin is a lectin that serves as a valuable marker for LCs in mice and humans. In recent years, new mouse models have led to the

]]> Origin, homeostasis and function of Langerhans cells and other langerin-expressing dendritic cells Miriam Merad Florent Ginhoux Matthew Collin doi:10.1038/nri2455 Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 935 (2008) Nature Reviews Immunology 8 12 Review 935 947 Thymocyte development: Negative selection in the cortex http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2459 The deletion of thymocytes that recognize a ubiquitous self antigen can occur in the thymic cortex without the traditionally held requirement of the medulla, according to new research by Hogquist and colleagues. Previous work has hinted at cortical involvement in negative selection, but this study Thymocyte development: Negative selection in the cortex

Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 908 (2008). doi:10.1038/nri2459

Author: Kirsty Minton

The deletion of thymocytes that recognize a ubiquitous self antigen can occur in the thymic cortex without the traditionally held requirement of the medulla, according to new research by Hogquist and colleagues. Previous work has hinted at cortical involvement in negative selection, but this study

]]> Thymocyte development: Negative selection in the cortex Kirsty Minton doi:10.1038/nri2459 Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 908 (2008) Nature Reviews Immunology 8 12 Research Highlight 908 909 Mucosal immunology: It starts with a NOD http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2461 After birth, the gut becomes colonized by billions of commensal bacteria in parallel with the appearance of numerous isolated lymphoid follicles (ILFs) along the length of the intestine. Now, a recent study published in Nature has pinned down the molecular mechanism for the genesis Mucosal immunology: It starts with a NOD

Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 909 (2008). doi:10.1038/nri2461

Author: Lucy Bird

After birth, the gut becomes colonized by billions of commensal bacteria in parallel with the appearance of numerous isolated lymphoid follicles (ILFs) along the length of the intestine. Now, a recent study published in Nature has pinned down the molecular mechanism for the genesis

]]> Mucosal immunology: It starts with a NOD Lucy Bird doi:10.1038/nri2461 Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 909 (2008) Nature Reviews Immunology 8 12 Research Highlight 909 909 Pimp my ride http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2462 'Pimped' up T cells with an increased ability to detect HIV-1-infected cells could offer a new therapeutic option for patients with chronic HIV-1 infection according to new research in Nature Medicine (published online 9 November 2008).The authors of the study isolated a T-cell Pimp my ride

Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 906 (2008). doi:10.1038/nri2462

Author: Kirsty Minton

'Pimped' up T cells with an increased ability to detect HIV-1-infected cells could offer a new therapeutic option for patients with chronic HIV-1 infection according to new research in Nature Medicine (published online 9 November 2008).The authors of the study isolated a T-cell

]]> Pimp my ride Kirsty Minton doi:10.1038/nri2462 Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 906 (2008) Nature Reviews Immunology 8 12 Research Highlight 906 906 T-cell memory: Growing with experience http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2463 The generation of memory CD8+ T cells following exposure to a pathogen or vaccine is required for protection against subsequent infections by the same pathogen. It has long been thought that the maximum size of the memory CD8+ T-cell compartment is T-cell memory: Growing with experience

Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 905 (2008). doi:10.1038/nri2463

Author: Olive Leavy

The generation of memory CD8+ T cells following exposure to a pathogen or vaccine is required for protection against subsequent infections by the same pathogen. It has long been thought that the maximum size of the memory CD8+ T-cell compartment is

]]> T-cell memory: Growing with experience Olive Leavy doi:10.1038/nri2463 Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 905 (2008) Nature Reviews Immunology 8 12 Research Highlight 905 905 From the editors http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2464 The immune system is dynamic, continually changing to accommodate the needs of the body during infections, injury or stress. A multitude of regulatory mechanisms underlie these continuous changes, from factors that influence the initial stages of immune-cell development to the pathways that fine-tune the phenotype From the editors

Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 903 (2008). doi:10.1038/nri2464

The immune system is dynamic, continually changing to accommodate the needs of the body during infections, injury or stress. A multitude of regulatory mechanisms underlie these continuous changes, from factors that influence the initial stages of immune-cell development to the pathways that fine-tune the phenotype

]]> From the editors doi:10.1038/nri2464 Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 903 (2008) Nature Reviews Immunology 8 12 From The Editors 903 903 Immunotherapy: Designer siRNA http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2465 RNA interference — a process by which short RNA oligonucleotides silence the expression of specific target genes — has received much attention as a potential approach for the treatment of numerous diseases, including cancer. However, the specificity of this approach was thought to be compromised Immunotherapy: Designer siRNA

Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 906 (2008). doi:10.1038/nri2465

Author: Lucy Bird

RNA interference — a process by which short RNA oligonucleotides silence the expression of specific target genes — has received much attention as a potential approach for the treatment of numerous diseases, including cancer. However, the specificity of this approach was thought to be compromised

]]> Immunotherapy: Designer siRNA Lucy Bird doi:10.1038/nri2465 Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 906 (2008) Nature Reviews Immunology 8 12 Research Highlight 906 907 Allergy: Bee-keepers hold clues for T-cell tolerance http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2466 Allergen-specific immunotherapy, which involves the repeated administration of high doses of an allergen, is an effective treatment for reducing allergic responses to bee venom and other allergens. Similarly to allergic patients that receive allergen-specific immununotherapy, non-allergic beekeepers are exposed to high doses of bee venom Allergy: Bee-keepers hold clues for T-cell tolerance

Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 910 (2008). doi:10.1038/nri2466

Author: Sarah Allan

Allergen-specific immunotherapy, which involves the repeated administration of high doses of an allergen, is an effective treatment for reducing allergic responses to bee venom and other allergens. Similarly to allergic patients that receive allergen-specific immununotherapy, non-allergic beekeepers are exposed to high doses of bee venom

]]> Allergy: Bee-keepers hold clues for T-cell tolerance Sarah Allan doi:10.1038/nri2466 Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 910 (2008) Nature Reviews Immunology 8 12 Research Highlight 910 910 Thymocyte development: New roles for TRPM7 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2467 TRPM7 (transient receptor potential melastatin related 7) is an ion channel and protein kinase that has been suggested to be involved in Mg2+ homeostasis. Now, Clapham and colleagues show that TRPM7 is essential for embryonic development and thymopoiesis but not for Mg Thymocyte development: New roles for TRPM7

Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 907 (2008). doi:10.1038/nri2467

Author: Olive Leavy

TRPM7 (transient receptor potential melastatin related 7) is an ion channel and protein kinase that has been suggested to be involved in Mg2+ homeostasis. Now, Clapham and colleagues show that TRPM7 is essential for embryonic development and thymopoiesis but not for Mg

]]> Thymocyte development: New roles for TRPM7 Olive Leavy doi:10.1038/nri2467 Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 907 (2008) Nature Reviews Immunology 8 12 Research Highlight 907 907 In Brief http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2468 SignallingIntegrated regulation of Toll-like receptor responses by Notch and interferon-γ pathwaysHu, X.et al. Immunity29 Oct 2008 (doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2008.08.016)Signalling pathways downstream of Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation are tightly regulated to allow fine-tuning of innate immune-cell responses and In Brief

Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 905 (2008). doi:10.1038/nri2468

SignallingIntegrated regulation of Toll-like receptor responses by Notch and interferon-γ pathwaysHu, X.et al. Immunity29 Oct 2008 (doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2008.08.016)Signalling pathways downstream of Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation are tightly regulated to allow fine-tuning of innate immune-cell responses and

]]> In Brief doi:10.1038/nri2468 Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 905 (2008) Nature Reviews Immunology 8 12 Research Highlight 905 905 In Brief http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2469 Asthma and allergyReal-time assessment of inflammation and treatment response in a mouse model of allergic airway inflammationCortez-Retamozo, V.et al. J. Clin. Invest.6 Nov 2008 (doi: 10.1172/JCI36335)Eosinophils promote airway inflammation in response to allergens by expressing various In Brief

Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 910 (2008). doi:10.1038/nri2469

Asthma and allergyReal-time assessment of inflammation and treatment response in a mouse model of allergic airway inflammationCortez-Retamozo, V.et al. J. Clin. Invest.6 Nov 2008 (doi: 10.1172/JCI36335)Eosinophils promote airway inflammation in response to allergens by expressing various

]]> In Brief doi:10.1038/nri2469 Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 910 (2008) Nature Reviews Immunology 8 12 Research Highlight 910 910