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This Viewpoint examines the management options for arteriovenous malformations and the grading scales that can be used to guide treatment decisions. The authors consider the natural history of unruptured arteriovenous malformations and evaluate the risks associated with available treatments.
High levels of plasma homocysteine have been linked with stroke, and it has been proposed that stroke risk might be reduced by lowering homocysteine levels using folicacid based multivitamin treatment. There is insufficient evidence, however, to indicate that homocysteine is a modifiable risk factor for stroke, and, given the costs and potential risks of vitamin therapy, it cannot currently be recommended as a standard approach.
The Charcot–Marie–Tooth (CMT) neuropathies fall into two main groups: the demyelinating (CMT1) forms, in which nerve conduction velocities are reduced, and the axonal (CMT2) forms, in which nerve conduction velocities are preserved but conduction amplitudes are decreased. In this article, Züchner and Vance review recent advances in our understanding of the genetic and molecular mechanisms that underlie CMT2.
Interferons are naturally occurring proteins with antiviral, antiproliferative, antineoplastic and immunomodulatory actions. This article reviews the findings of a series of clinical trials conducted between 1987 and 1997, which showed that interferon-β has beneficial effects on relapses and short-term disability in patients with multiple sclerosis.