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In this Review, we summarize preclinical evidence of antitumour effects upon CTLA4 inhibition. We also describe the clinical development of anti-CTLA4 in urothelial cancer. Ongoing phase III trials could establish the efficacy of anti-CTLA4 therapy and change current urothelial cancer guidelines.
In this Review, the authors provide an overview of the main bioinformatics tools available for urologists. The main applications of bioinformatics in the field of urological oncology, as well as in benign urological disease, are discussed, with a special focus on molecular characterization of disease physiopathology and response to treatment. Challenges and future perspectives in the field are also discussed.
Bladder cancer outcomes are considered worse for women than for men, whereas incidence is three to four times higher in men than in women. Understanding biological phenomena and health-system factors driving these differences is essential to improve outcomes and develop novel treatment approaches.
Oligometastatic bladder cancer, defined as a cancer with limited metastases, is a potential target for curative metastasis-directed therapy in a multidisciplinary framework. The consensus definition of oligometastatic bladder cancer is a valuable starting point for clinical trials, but challenges remain in accurately characterizing metastatic burden with current imaging modalities and determining optimal strategies to treat patients with lymph node involvement.
Prostate-specific membrane antigen-PET has become a valuable diagnostic tool. The second version of the Prostate Cancer Molecular Imaging Standardized Evaluation framework is the next step towards a standardized evaluation and reporting system from primary staging to reassessment of advanced prostate cancer.
In this Perspective, the authors highlight the ethical challenges of adopting artificial intelligence (AI) in urology and its influence on daily practice. Ethical principles for the application of AI in health care and urology are proposed to improve and oversee the use of such technologies.
The microbiota influences the body in homeostasis and disease, including cancer, and, although specific urinary and gut microbial species have been associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer, causal mechanistic data remain elusive. In this Perspective article, the authors discuss the roles of the microbiota in prostate carcinogenesis and progression, and consider how these might be leveraged for diagnosis and treatment of the disease.
The relationship between smoking, ethnicity and bladder cancer is complex and multifaceted, with substantial public and personal health as well as clinical implications. New evidence supports that targeted smoking cessation efforts among high-risk populations could reduce the burden of bladder cancer.
In this Perspective, the author uses a comparative evolutionary approach to explain renal physiology. The kidney structure and the urinary collecting system are contextualized within the evolutionary and environmental selective pressures that might have contributed to renal evolution.
Bacteria infecting tumour cells might be a promising target for triggering antitumour immune responses. Here, the authors discuss the influence of urinary tract infections on kidney and bladder cancer immunosurveillance and consider the urobiome and the effects of antibiotics.