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In this Opinion article, the authors discuss our current understanding of the roles of immunoproteasomes and thymoproteasomes in T cell receptor repertoire formation and propose that immunoproteasomes have additional roles in cytokine production and T helper cell differentiation.
Unprecedented insight into the early stages of HIV-1 infection has provided important clues for vaccine design. Here, the authors discuss how early virological and immunological events, including transmission by a single founder virus and marked CD4+T cell loss, might influence the course of disease.
An important aspect of atherosclerosis is the defective resolution of the inflammatory response to subendothelial lipoproteins. But what are the pathways involved in inflammation resolution, why are they defective in atherosclerotic lesions and how can they be therapeutically targeted?
This Review describes our current understanding of how the 'space' for the peripheral naive T cell pool is influenced by competition for homeostatic signals and how the 'place' at which the T cells encounter these signals can influence their physical and functional maintenance.
This Review discusses the recent studies revealing new roles for endolysosomal proteases in immune cells, as well as their well known involvement in antigen presentation. These include crucial activities in innate immunity, regulation of cell death and control of pathogen invasion.
Recognition of self-peptide–MHC complexes in the thymus is necessary for thymocyte survival, but can also result in cell death. Here, the authors provide a unique insight into this apparent paradox, describing how the repertoire of self-peptide–MHC complexes that support T cell selection is shaped.
These authors propose that the T helper 17 cell and induced regulatory T cell lineages were the first T cells of the adaptive immune system to evolve in vertebrates as a means to counter-regulate immune responses in the gut to foster a large, diverse commensal microbiota for the benefit of the host.
Coeliac disease results from an inappropriate response to dietary gluten. In this Review, the authors describe the ways in which intestinal tissue cells contribute to the inflammatory environment that leads to the induction of a tissue-destructive, gluten-specific T cell response.
Germinal centres are hubs for the generation of long-lived high-affinity antibodies that are necessary for adaptive immunity, but they can also be the source of pathogenic autoantibodies. Here, the authors explore how dysregulation of germinal centres might contribute to autoimmune disease.