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| Open AccessSoil moisture-evaporation coupling shifts into new gears under increasing CO2
When soil moisture is within the transitional regime that is neither too dry nor too wet, its variation affects evaporation and thus climate. This study shows that, under global warming, more areas will experience a transitional regime.
- Hsin Hsu
- & Paul A. Dirmeyer
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| Open AccessNorth Atlantic oscillation controls multidecadal changes in the North Tropical Atlantic−Pacific connection
The drivers of multidecadal changes in the North Tropical Atlantic−Pacific connection are still not fully understood. Here, the authors show that they are mainly controlled by multidecadal variability associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation.
- Ruiqiang Ding
- , Hyacinth C. Nnamchi
- & Xumin Li
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| Open AccessThe role of tropical waves in the genesis of Tropical Cyclone Seroja in the Maritime Continent
Tropical cyclone Seroja was one of the first cyclones to strike near-equatorial regions of Indonesia and East Timor. The unusual cyclogenesis close to a land mass was due to “perfect storm” conditions associated with multiple wave interactions.
- Beata Latos
- , Philippe Peyrillé
- & Adrian J. Matthews
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| Open AccessVariation of lightning-ignited wildfire patterns under climate change
This study shows that climate change is expected to result in a 41% increase in the frequency of lightning worldwide. This increase has the potential to amplify the risk of lightning-induced wildfires.
- Francisco J. Pérez-Invernón
- , Francisco J. Gordillo-Vázquez
- & Patrick Jöckel
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| Open AccessOrigins of Barents-Kara sea-ice interannual variability modulated by the Atlantic pathway of El Niño–Southern Oscillation
This paper finds that the winter sea-ice over the Barents-Kara Seas has exhibited strengthened interannual variations in recent decades likely due to increased amplitudes of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation in a warming climate.
- Binhe Luo
- , Dehai Luo
- & Yao Yao
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| Open AccessEquatorial waves as useful precursors to tropical cyclone occurrence and intensification
Here, the authors show that pre-existing equatorial waves are useful precursors to tropical cyclone occurrence and intensification up to two weeks ahead.
- Xiangbo Feng
- , Gui-Ying Yang
- & John Methven
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| Open AccessUnveiling the spectrum of electrohydrodynamic turbulence in dust storms
Electrohydrodynamic features of dust storm turbulence have puzzled scientists for over a hundred years. Here, the authors reveal the characteristics of the multifield spectra in dust storms using a combined observational and theoretical approach.
- Huan Zhang
- & You-He Zhou
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| Open AccessMethane emissions offset atmospheric carbon dioxide uptake in coastal macroalgae, mixed vegetation and sediment ecosystems
Coastal ecosystems are promoted as nature-based solutions to climate change. Here, the authors show that natural methane emissions across a variety of vegetated and unvegetated coastal habitats can, however, offset one-third of the carbon sink capacity attributed to atmospheric carbon dioxide uptake.
- Florian Roth
- , Elias Broman
- & Alf Norkko
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| Open AccessStratospheric impacts on dust transport and air pollution in West Africa and the Eastern Mediterranean
Today, most operational dust forecasts extend only 2-5 days. New research finds that the stratosphere exerts long-lasting influence on Saharan dust emission and transport, contributing to subseasonal predictability for dust and air pollution over West Africa and the Eastern Mediterranean.
- Ying Dai
- , Peter Hitchcock
- & Adwoa Aboagye-Okyere
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| Open AccessUnexpected limitation of tropical cyclone genesis by subsurface tropical central-north Pacific during El Niño
Wind stress curl anomalies break the ocean dynamical bond between sea surface and subsurface, constraining tropical cyclone genesis in the tropical central-north Pacific, leading to comparable number of TC for El Niño and La Niña in the western North Pacific.
- Cong Gao
- , Lei Zhou
- & Raghu Murtugudde
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| Open AccessThe sound of a Martian dust devil
Dust devils are common on Mars and understanding their dynamics is important to gain insights about the meteorology of the planet. Here, the authors show characteristics of a Martian dust devil and its sound from Perseverance rover multi-sensor data combined with modelling.
- N. Murdoch
- , A. E. Stott
- & D. Mimoun
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| Open AccessRossby wave second harmonic generation observed in the middle atmosphere
Rossby waves occur in rotating fluids. Here, the authors show observation of a Rossby wave second harmonic generation event in the middle atmosphere and confirm theoretically anticipated Rossby wave nonlinearity.
- Maosheng He
- & Jeffrey M. Forbes
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| Open AccessA global survey of diurnal offshore propagation of rainfall
This study provides a global climatology of observed diurnal rainfall offshore propagation, identifies hotspots, and discusses the driving mechanisms for different regions.
- Junying Fang
- & Yu Du
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| Open AccessModel spread in tropical low cloud feedback tied to overturning circulation response to warming
The magnitude of the tropical low cloud feedback, which contributes considerably to uncertainty in estimates of climate sensitivity, is closely linked to tropical deep convection and its effects on the tropical atmospheric overturning circulation.
- Kathleen A. Schiro
- , Hui Su
- & J. David Neelin
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| Open AccessA predictable prospect of the South Asian summer monsoon
The authors identify a predictable component of the South Asian summer monsoon that is associated with the variability of the monsoon trough modulated by tropical sea surface temperatures.
- Tuantuan Zhang
- , Xingwen Jiang
- & Zhenning Li
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| Open AccessSouthern Indian Ocean Dipole as a trigger for Central Pacific El Niño since the 2000s
Predicting the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) since the 2000s has become increasingly challenging. Here the authors show that the Southern Indian Ocean Dipole has become a key precursor of Central Pacific El Niño since the 2000s with a 14-month lead.
- Hyun-Su Jo
- , Yoo-Geun Ham
- & Hyerim Kim
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| Open AccessDiscrepancies between observations and climate models of large-scale wind-driven Greenland melt influence sea-level rise projections
Here, the authors highlight that a better representation of large-scale wind-driven warming processes in climate models has potential for lessening sea-level rise projection uncertainties associated with Greenland ice sheet melt.
- Dániel Topál
- , Qinghua Ding
- & Ildikó Pieczka
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| Open AccessOzone impact from solar energetic particles cools the polar stratosphere
This work reveals a significant energetic particle precipitation (EPP) impact on ozone and stratospheric temperatures during late winter/spring and highlights the need for an improved representation of decadal EPP forcing in climate simulations.
- Monika E. Szela̧g
- , Daniel R. Marsh
- & Niilo Kalakoski
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| Open AccessThe influence of recent and future climate change on spring Arctic cyclones
Rapid warming and Arctic sea ice melt will drive intensification of regional storms, increasing wind speeds and precipitation. Increasingly extreme storms exacerbate climate change effects and damage to local ecosystems, communities, and industries.
- Chelsea L. Parker
- , Priscilla A. Mooney
- & Linette N. Boisvert
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| Open AccessA potential explanation for the global increase in tropical cyclone rapid intensification
This study shows intensification rates of tropical cyclones around the world have significantly increased, and environmental conditions around storms are becoming more favorable. Human-caused climate change is contributing to both trends.
- Kieran Bhatia
- , Alexander Baker
- & Carolyn Whitlock
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| Open AccessAlternate oscillations of Martian hydrogen and oxygen upper atmospheres during a major dust storm
Dust storms on Mars drive water escape to space. Here, the authors show the impact Martian dust storms have on the abundance of atmospheric hydrogen and oxygen, and how this helps to overall oxidize the Martian atmosphere.
- Kei Masunaga
- , Naoki Terada
- & Ichiro Yoshikawa
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| Open AccessVegetation type is an important predictor of the arctic summer land surface energy budget
An international team of researchers finds high potential for improving climate projections by a more comprehensive treatment of largely ignored Arctic vegetation types, underscoring the importance of Arctic energy exchange measuring stations.
- Jacqueline Oehri
- , Gabriela Schaepman-Strub
- & Scott D. Chambers
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| Open AccessIntercomparison of regional loss estimates from global synthetic tropical cyclone models
Various synthetic tropical cyclone datasets exist for risk assessment purposes. Here, the authors conduct a global dataset comparison to assess their suitability and applicability in answering different impact-related questions.
- Simona Meiler
- , Thomas Vogt
- & David N. Bresch
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| Open AccessDeforestation intensifies daily temperature variability in the northern extratropics
A new study finds that deforestation in the northern extratropics can enhance horizontal temperature advection through biogeophysical processes, leading to higher local daily temperature variability, particularly in winter.
- Jun Ge
- , Qi Liu
- & Weidong Guo
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| Open AccessGlobal forestation and deforestation affect remote climate via adjusted atmosphere and ocean circulation
Based on coupled climate model simulations the authors show that changes to the Earth’s surface energy balance following global-scale forestation and deforestation may change the strength of the jet stream, the Hadley cell, and the ocean circulation, which alters remote climate patterns across the globe
- Raphael Portmann
- , Urs Beyerle
- & Sebastian Schemm
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| Open AccessTropical modulation of East Asia air pollution
In this study, it is suggested that the daily PM10 level in East Asia is remotely controlled by the convection over the equatorial Indian Ocean and western Pacific. This tropical modulation explains up to 15% of daily PM10 variability in the region.
- Myung-Il Jung
- , Seok-Woo Son
- & Deliang Chen
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| Open AccessThe Holocene temperature conundrum answered by mollusk records from East Asia
Scientists have been puzzled by the disparity between climate simulations of the past 12,000 years and geological records. Dong et al. reconstructed past annual and seasonal temperatures from land snail records to examine the potential seasonal bias.
- Yajie Dong
- , Naiqin Wu
- & Houyuan Lu
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| Open AccessCoarse sea spray inhibits lightning
Previous hypotheses cannot fully explain the large lightning excess over land compared to ocean. It is found that coarse sea spray that create large drops precipitates cloud water before it can freeze, thus robbing the fuel for cloud electrification
- Zengxin Pan
- , Feiyue Mao
- & Wei Gong
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| Open AccessTropical cyclone-blackout-heatwave compound hazard resilience in a changing climate
The study found that long-duration heatwaves are much more likely to follow power-damaging tropical cyclones in the future RCP8.5 climate, with the impact of longer-than-5-day tropical cyclone-blackout-heatwave compound hazard increasing by a factor of 23 over the 21st century.
- Kairui Feng
- , Min Ouyang
- & Ning Lin
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| Open AccessCentral tropical Pacific convection drives extreme high temperatures and surface melt on the Larsen C Ice Shelf, Antarctic Peninsula
Landfalling atmospheric rivers on the Antarctic Peninsula, which lead to strong surface melting that can cause ice shelf collapse, have been linked to localized deep convection in the central tropical Pacific northeast of Fiji.
- Kyle R. Clem
- , Deniz Bozkurt
- & John Turner
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| Open AccessMulti-year El Niño events tied to the North Pacific Oscillation
The causes of long-lasting behaviors of multi-year El Niño are still not fully understood. Here, the authors find that persistent two-way teleconnections between the North Pacific Oscillation and the tropical Pacific constitute a key source of multi-year El Niño.
- Ruiqiang Ding
- , Yu‐Heng Tseng
- & Feifei Li
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| Open AccessAccelerated western European heatwave trends linked to more-persistent double jets over Eurasia
Europe is a heatwave hotspot exhibiting three-to-four times faster upward trends compared to the rest of the northern midlatitudes. Here, this accelerated trend is linked to the increased persistence of Eurasian double jets in the upper troposphere.
- Efi Rousi
- , Kai Kornhuber
- & Dim Coumou
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| Open AccessPotential fire risks in South America under anthropogenic forcing hidden by the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation
Fire emissions in South America consistently decreased in 2003–2019, although anthropogenic forcing could exacerbate drought and fire risks. Here the authors find that the decreasing fires were associated with climatic conditions unfavorable for intensifying and spreading fires, led by the phase transition of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation.
- Yanfeng Wang
- & Ping Huang
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| Open AccessJet stream position explains regional anomalies in European beech forest productivity and tree growth
Here the authors show that extremes in the summer jet stream position over Europe create a beech forest productivity dipole between northwestern and southeastern Europe and can result in regional anomalies in forest carbon uptake and growth.
- Isabel Dorado-Liñán
- , Blanca Ayarzagüena
- & Valerie Trouet
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| Open AccessAttribution of 2020 hurricane season extreme rainfall to human-induced climate change
During the 2020 hurricane season climate change increased the extreme rainfall rates and amounts by 5–10%.
- Kevin A. Reed
- , Michael F. Wehner
- & Colin M. Zarzycki
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| Open AccessDrying in the low-latitude Atlantic Ocean contributed to terrestrial water storage depletion across Eurasia
Total water storage in Eurasia can be driven by both climate variability and human activities, with the latter suggested as the key factor for water loss. However, here the authors show that drying in the low-latitude Atlantic Ocean is the dominant force in storage depeletion during 2003-2017.
- Zexi Shen
- , Qiang Zhang
- & Wenhuan Wu
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| Open AccessThe future poleward shift of Southern Hemisphere summer mid-latitude storm tracks stems from ocean coupling
Mid-latitude storm tracks control most of the weather and climate variability in the extratropics. Here the authors show that, in the Southern Hemisphere, ocean processes will act to shift the summer storm tracks poleward in coming decades.
- Rei Chemke
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| Open AccessEnhanced jet stream waviness induced by suppressed tropical Pacific convection during boreal summer
The Northern Hemisphere summer circulation in the midlatitudes has become more “meandering” over the past decades, but the cause of the change remains elusive. Here the authors reveal that the waiver trending pattern results from internal climate forcing associated with sea surface temperature low frequency variability over the tropical Eastern Pacific.
- Xiaoting Sun
- , Qinghua Ding
- & Yihui Ding
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| Open AccessRobust but weak winter atmospheric circulation response to future Arctic sea ice loss
The degree to which Arctic sea ice decline influences the mid-latitude atmospheric circulation is widely debated. Here, the authors use a coordinated multi-model experiment to show that Arctic sea ice loss causes a weakening of the mid-latitude westerly winds, but the effect is overall small.
- D. M. Smith
- , R. Eade
- & A. Walsh
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| Open AccessA bimodal distribution of haze in Pluto’s atmosphere
Pluto’s haze is revealed to have two types of particles: small spherical organic haze particles and micron-size fluffy aggregates. The persistence of these two populations has important implications for haze formation and properties on icy worlds.
- Siteng Fan
- , Peter Gao
- & Yuk L. Yung
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| Open AccessSea-ice retreat suggests re-organization of water mass transformation in the Nordic and Barents Seas
Water mass transformation in the Nordic and Barents Seas is important for the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). Here, the authors show increases in air-sea heat fluxes linked to sea ice retreat along the boundary currents of the Nordic and Barents Seas that could influence how the AMOC reacts to climate change.
- G. W. K. Moore
- , K. Våge
- & R. S. Pickart
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| Open AccessEvidence of free tropospheric and long-range transport of microplastic at Pic du Midi Observatory
Microplastics are found in the environment globally, but their atmospheric transport is not well understood. Here the authors report atmospheric microplastic pollution at the Pic du Midi Observatory, suggesting free long range transport in the troposphere.
- S. Allen
- , D. Allen
- & J. E. Sonke
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| Open AccessHemisphere-asymmetric tropical cyclones response to anthropogenic aerosol forcing
The impact of anthropogenic emissions on climate dynamics is important in our changing climate. Here, the authors show that anthropogenic aerosol emissions can reduce northern hemisphere tropical cyclones but will increase in the southern hemisphere primarily through altering vertical wind shear and upward motion in the tropical cyclone formation zones.
- Jian Cao
- , Haikun Zhao
- & Liguang Wu
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| Open AccessThe role of cyclonic activity in tropical temperature-rainfall scaling
Thermodynamically, rainfall events are expected to become stronger in a warming climate. Here, the authors demonstrate the importance of dynamical aspects to the temperature-rainfall scaling by quantifying the influence of cyclonic activity that leads to negative scaling over large parts of the tropical oceans.
- Dominik Traxl
- , Niklas Boers
- & Bodo Bookhagen
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Article
| Open AccessOptical emissions associated with narrow bipolar events from thunderstorm clouds penetrating into the stratosphere
Strong thunderstorms can reach the lower stratosphere and produce cloud-top blue emissions, affecting the exchange of greenhouse gases between the troposphere and stratosphere. Here, the authors reveal the direct link of blue emissions with the radio signals of one sort of intra-cloud discharges called NBEs.
- Feifan Liu
- , Gaopeng Lu
- & Baoyou Zhu
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| Open AccessUncertainty in El Niño-like warming and California precipitation changes linked by the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation
There is a strong disagreement between climate models on how precipitation in California will change. Here, the authors show that much of this uncertainty originates from internal variability with the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation linking the precipitation changes with the El Niño-like warming pattern through the westerly jet extension
- Lu Dong
- , L. Ruby Leung
- & Jian Lu
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Article
| Open AccessAerosol-boundary-layer-monsoon interactions amplify semi-direct effect of biomass smoke on low cloud formation in Southeast Asia
Biomass burning emissions have been shown to influence clouds in the Atlantic, but its influence in other regions is not well known. Here, the authors show that biomass burning aerosols increase the low-cloud cover over subtropical southeastern Asia by a similar magnitude than over the Atlantic.
- Ke Ding
- , Xin Huang
- & Meinrat O. Andreae
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Article
| Open AccessIncreasing large wildfires over the western United States linked to diminishing sea ice in the Arctic
The western United States have seen an increase in wildfire activity in recent decades, the causes of which are not well understood. Here, the authors show that Arctic sea ice decline contributed to this increase through its influence on regional circulation which enhanced fire-favourable weather conditions.
- Yufei Zou
- , Philip J. Rasch
- & Rudong Zhang
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| Open AccessIndian Ocean Dipole leads to Atlantic Niño
The Atlantic Niño is an important mode of tropical Atlantic variability that influences the climate conditions in surrounding areas. Here, the authors use observational data and model simulations to show that positive phases of the Indian Ocean Dipole can trigger Atlantic Niño events.
- Lei Zhang
- & Weiqing Han