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Article
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Arabidopsis SBT5.2 and SBT1.7 subtilases mediate C-terminal cleavage of flg22 epitope from bacterial flagellin
Plants initiate specific defense responses by recognizing flg22 peptide epitope derived from flagellin, the major structural protein of the bacterial flagellum. Here, the authors identified two plant subtilases, SBT5.2 and SBT1.7, as specific proteases responsible for cleaving the peptide epitope.
- Sayaka Matsui
- , Saki Noda
- & Yoshikatsu Matsubayashi
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Article
| Open Access
Evolutionary trajectory of pattern recognition receptors in plants
Plant cell-surface receptors perceive both self- and nonself-molecules to regulate biological processes. Here the authors show that a subclass of phytohormone and immune receptors share a common origin, which have diverged to perceive distinct ligands and activate differential downstream responses.
- Bruno Pok Man Ngou
- , Michele Wyler
- & Ken Shirasu
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Article
| Open Access
BIK1 protein homeostasis is maintained by the interplay of different ubiquitin ligases in immune signaling
The cytoplasmic kinase BIK1 plays a central role in immune signaling and its protein homeostasis is maintained by the interplay of the ubiquitin ligases RGLG1/2 and PUB25 - RGLG1/2 suppress PUB25-mediated BIK1 protein degradation.
- Jiaojiao Bai
- , Yuanyuan Zhou
- & Dongping Lu
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Article
| Open Access
A Phytophthora receptor-like kinase regulates oospore development and can activate pattern-triggered plant immunity
LRR-RLKs are also widespread in plants and oomycete pathogens. Here, the authors report that an LRR-RLK from Phytophthora sojae can activate pattern-triggered immunity in host soybean and nonhost tomato and Nicotiana benthamiana plants.
- Yong Pei
- , Peiyun Ji
- & Daolong Dou
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Article
| Open Access
Convergent evolution of plant pattern recognition receptors sensing cysteine-rich patterns from three microbial kingdoms
Plants have evolved pattern-recognition receptors to perceive pathogens. Here, the authors demonstrate that microbial small cysteine-rich proteins are eminent immune targets that led to convergent evolution of distinct immune receptors in plants.
- Yuankun Yang
- , Christina E. Steidele
- & Andrea A. Gust
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Article
| Open Access
The receptor kinase SRF3 coordinates iron-level and flagellin dependent defense and growth responses in plants
Iron homeostasis is known to influence plant immune signaling. Here the authors characterize SRF3, a receptor kinase that acts as a negative regulator of callose synthesis, that is required for root responses to iron deficiency and pathogen signals.
- Matthieu Pierre Platre
- , Santosh B. Satbhai
- & Wolfgang Busch
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Article
| Open Access
Cooperative regulation of PBI1 and MAPKs controls WRKY45 transcription factor in rice immunity
The U-box type ubiquitin ligase PUB44 positively regulates pattern-triggered immunity in rice. Here the authors identify a PUB44 substrate whose degradation is required for activation of the WRKY45 transcription factor upon immune elicitation.
- Kota Ichimaru
- , Koji Yamaguchi
- & Tsutomu Kawasaki
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Article
| Open Access
New recognition specificity in a plant immune receptor by molecular engineering of its integrated domain
Plant NLR proteins trigger immune responses upon recognition of pathogen effectors. Here the authors show that the integrated decoy domain of the rice NLR RGA5 can be engineered to trigger immune responses upon binding a non-cognate effector.
- Stella Cesari
- , Yuxuan Xi
- & Thomas Kroj
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Article
| Open Access
Genotyping-by-sequencing-based identification of Arabidopsis pattern recognition receptor RLP32 recognizing proteobacterial translation initiation factor IF1
Pattern-triggered immunity is activated by recognition of microbe-derived structures by host pattern recognition receptors. Here the authors use a genotype-by sequencing approach to show that bacterial translation initiation factor 1 triggers PTI in Arabidopsis thaliana after recognition by the RLP32 receptor.
- Li Fan
- , Katja Fröhlich
- & Thorsten Nürnberger
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Article
| Open Access
The Arabidopsis MIK2 receptor elicits immunity by sensing a conserved signature from phytocytokines and microbes
Peptide signals generated during plant microbe interactions can trigger immune responses in plants. Here the authors show that SCOOP12, a member of a family of peptides present in Brassicaceae plants, and SCOOP12-like motifs in Fusarium fungi, can trigger immune responses following perception by the MIK2 receptor kinase.
- Shuguo Hou
- , Derui Liu
- & Ping He
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Article
| Open Access
S-acylation of P2K1 mediates extracellular ATP-induced immune signaling in Arabidopsis
S-acylation is a reversible protein post-translational modification that often regulates protein function at the plasma membrane. Here the authors show that an Arabidopsis extracellular ATP receptor P2K1 mediates phosphorylation of two S-acyltransferases which in turn mediate S-acylation of P2K1 and dampen ATP responses.
- Dongqin Chen
- , Fengsheng Hao
- & Gary Stacey
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Article
| Open Access
Perception of a divergent family of phytocytokines by the Arabidopsis receptor kinase MIK2
Secreted peptides and cell-surface localized receptor kinases allow plants to modify growth and development according to external cues. Here, Rhodes et al. show that the MIK2 receptor perceives the SERINE RICH ENDOGENOUS PEPTIDE (SCOOP) family of phytocytokines and is capable of recognising Fusarium-derived SCOOP-like peptides.
- Jack Rhodes
- , Huanjie Yang
- & Cyril Zipfel
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Article
| Open Access
The tomato receptor CuRe1 senses a cell wall protein to identify Cuscuta as a pathogen
Parasitic plants such as Cuscuta penetrate the shoots of susceptible hosts to obtain sugars, solutes and water. Here the authors show that resistant varieties of tomato can trigger an immune response against Cuscuta by perceiving a small glycine rich protein produced by the parasite.
- Volker Hegenauer
- , Peter Slaby
- & Markus Albert
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| Open Access
Evolution of a guarded decoy protease and its receptor in solanaceous plants
Avr2 is an effector secreted by the phytopathogen Cladosporium fulvum to inhibit Rcr3, an apoplastic protease of solanaceous plants. Here the authors show that this interaction predates the emergence of Cf-2, an R-gene that evolved in Solanum to co-opt an existing effector-target reaction and trigger resistance.
- Jiorgos Kourelis
- , Shivani Malik
- & Renier A. L. van der Hoorn
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Article
| Open Access
An immune receptor complex evolved in soybean to perceive a polymorphic bacterial flagellin
Ralstonia solanacearum evades plant immunity by producing an atypical flagellin protein, thus causing bacterial wilt disease. Here, Wei et al. show that soybean has evolved a divergent flagellin receptor that recognises R. solanacearum flagellin and enhances wilt resistance when transferred to other plants.
- Yali Wei
- , Alexandra Balaceanu
- & Alberto P. Macho
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| Open Access
A combination of chitooligosaccharide and lipochitooligosaccharide recognition promotes arbuscular mycorrhizal associations in Medicago truncatula
Polysaccharide molecules chitooligosaccharides (COs) and peptidoglycan not only activate plant immunity but also trigger plant symbiosis signalling. Here the authors show that a combination of COs and lipochitooligosaccharides (LCOs) act synergistically to suppress immunity and promote symbiosis to facilitate beneficial fungal associations.
- Feng Feng
- , Jongho Sun
- & Giles E. D. Oldroyd
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Article
| Open Access
SUMO conjugation to the pattern recognition receptor FLS2 triggers intracellular signalling in plant innate immunity
The plant FLS2 receptor initiates bacterial immunity in response to flagellin. Here the authors show that SUMO conjugates to FLS2 in response to flagellin promoting downstream signalling events while Desi3A, an FLS2 deSUMOylating enzyme, is degraded to enhance immune responses.
- Beatriz Orosa
- , Gary Yates
- & Ari Sadanandom
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Article
| Open Access
Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like gene screen reveals that Nicotiana RXEG1 regulates glycoside hydrolase 12 MAMP detection
The role of most plant leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptors in innate immunity is unknown. Here, the authors develop virus-based constructs to silence LRR receptor-like genes in the Nicotiana benthamiana genome and identify Response to XEG1 that specifically recognizes the glycoside hydrolase 12 protein XEG1.
- Yan Wang
- , Yuanpeng Xu
- & Yuanchao Wang
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Article
| Open Access
Extracellular ATP elicits DORN1-mediated RBOHD phosphorylation to regulate stomatal aperture
Extracellular ATP acts as a damage-associated molecular pattern that triggers signaling responses to wounding and environmental stimuli in plants. Here Chen et al. show that ATP perception by DORN1 can trigger stomatal closure mediated via RBOHD phosphorylation and ROS production.
- Dongqin Chen
- , Yangrong Cao
- & Gary Stacey
Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases of different subfamilies differentially regulate SOBIR1/BAK1-mediated immune responses in Nicotiana benthamiana