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| Open AccessEthylene-independent signaling by the ethylene precursor ACC in Arabidopsis ovular pollen tube attraction
Ethylene is synthesized from the non-proteinogenic amino acid ACC. Here, Mou et al. show that ACC itself acts independently of ethylene to trigger secretion of a pollen tube attractant in the sporophytic tissue of Arabidopsis ovules and can activate Ca2+-currents via GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR-LIKE channels.
- Wangshu Mou
- , Yun-Ting Kao
- & Caren Chang
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Article
| Open AccessStrigolactones inhibit auxin feedback on PIN-dependent auxin transport canalization
Strigolactones are a newly identified, but incompletely characterized class of plant hormones play crucial roles in plant development. Here the authors show that strigolactones prevent an auxin feedback-effect on PIN-FORMED (PIN) polarity and trafficking, thereby regulating vascular tissue formation and regeneration.
- Jing Zhang
- , Ewa Mazur
- & Jiří Friml
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| Open AccessLocal auxin competition explains fragmented differentiation patterns
Sieve element differentiation in Arabidopsis roots requires two antagonistic regulators of auxin efflux, BRX and PAX. Here the authors show that together they coordinate sieve element formation by preventing cell fate bistability emerging from AUX1-mediated competition for auxin between neighboring cells.
- Bernard Moret
- , Petra Marhava
- & Kirsten H. W. ten Tusscher
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| Open AccessSYNERGISTIC ON AUXIN AND CYTOKININ 1 positively regulates growth and attenuates soil pathogen resistance
Cytokinin and auxin are two major hormonal regulators of plant growth. Here the authors identify SYAC1, a gene that is synergistically activated by the two hormones being applied together, and show that it is required for normal growth while negatively impacting pathogen resistance.
- Andrej Hurný
- , Candela Cuesta
- & Eva Benková
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Article
| Open AccessA common allosteric mechanism regulates homeostatic inactivation of auxin and gibberellin
Enzymatic inactivation of gibberellins and auxin, via GA2ox3 and DAO respectively, contributes to hormone homeostasis in plants. Here Takehara et al. show that both enzymes multimerize in a substrate-concentration-dependent manner, and that this multimerization leads to increased enzyme activity.
- Sayaka Takehara
- , Shun Sakuraba
- & Miyako Ueguchi-Tanaka
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| Open AccessArabidopsis FHY3 and FAR1 integrate light and strigolactone signaling to regulate branching
In plants, branching is regulated by both hormones and external cues such as light. Here the authors show that in Arabidopsis, the phytochrome A-signaling components FHY3 and FAR1, and SMXL proteins that repress strigolactone signaling, both interact with SPL proteins to control expression of the branching regulator BRC1.
- Yurong Xie
- , Yang Liu
- & Haiyang Wang
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Article
| Open AccessModulation of BIN2 kinase activity by HY5 controls hypocotyl elongation in the light
HY5 is a bZIP transcription factor and master regulator of photomorphogenesis in plants. Here, the authors show that in addition to regulating transcription, HY5 promotes the activity of the GSK3-like kinase BIN2 thus negatively regulating hypocotyl elongation by suppressing brassinosteroid signaling.
- Jian Li
- , William Terzaghi
- & Xing Wang Deng
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Article
| Open AccessDivergent receptor proteins confer responses to different karrikins in two ephemeral weeds
Karrikins are germination stimulants perceived by KAI2 in Arabidopsis. Here the authors show that Brassica tournefortii, a close relative to Arabidopsis, has multiple copies of KAI2 with amino acid substitutions that confer responsiveness to the specific karrikin compounds found in wildfire smoke.
- Yueming Kelly Sun
- , Jiaren Yao
- & Mark T. Waters
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Article
| Open AccessA phosphorylation-based switch controls TAA1-mediated auxin biosynthesis in plants
Precise regulation of auxin concentration via transport and metabolism determines the developmental fate of plant tissues. Here the authors show that local auxin biosynthesis is regulated by TMK4-dependent phosphorylation of the TAA1 enzyme and that this is required for proper root development.
- Qian Wang
- , Guochen Qin
- & Tongda Xu
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Article
| Open AccessHistidine kinase MHZ1/OsHK1 interacts with ethylene receptors to regulate root growth in rice
Ethylene regulates adaptive root growth during waterlogging in rice. Here, the authors identify MHZ1 (aka OsHK1), a histidine kinase that positively regulates the root ethylene response by interacting with the ethylene receptor ERS2 and promoting phosphorylation of the response regulator, OsRR21.
- He Zhao
- , Kai-Xuan Duan
- & Jin-Song Zhang
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Article
| Open AccessAuxin-dependent control of a plasmodesmal regulator creates a negative feedback loop modulating lateral root emergence
Auxin promotes lateral root emergence from pericycle cells in the root vasculature. Here the authors show that induction of the plasmodesmal regulator PDLP5 during lateral root emergence restricts the spatial scope of auxin signaling to the cells overlying the primordia.
- Ross Sager
- , Xu Wang
- & Jung-Youn Lee
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Article
| Open AccessMAP3Kinase-dependent SnRK2-kinase activation is required for abscisic acid signal transduction and rapid osmotic stress response
SnRK2 kinases activate abiotic stress responses in plants following ABA-dependent phosphatase inhibition or ABA-independent osmotic stress signalling. Here Takahashi et al. show that MAPKK-kinases phosphorylate and activate SnRK2s thus enabling robust ABA and osmotic stress signal transduction.
- Yohei Takahashi
- , Jingbo Zhang
- & Julian I. Schroeder
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Article
| Open AccessAn artificial metalloenzyme biosensor can detect ethylene gas in fruits and Arabidopsis leaves
Existing methods to detect ethylene in plant tissue typically require gas chromatography or use ethylene-dependent gene expression as a proxy. Here Vong et al. show that an artificial metalloenzyme-based ethylene probe can be used to detect ethylene in plants with improved spatiotemporal resolution.
- Kenward Vong
- , Shohei Eda
- & Katsunori Tanaka
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Article
| Open AccessBrassinosteroid signaling delimits root gravitropism via sorting of the Arabidopsis PIN2 auxin transporter
Brassinosteroid signaling can regulate auxin transport by influencing the sorting and accumulation of PIN auxin efflux carriers. Here, the authors show that in roots, brassinolide can modulate vacuolar degradation and endocytic sorting of PIN2, delimiting root curvature in response to gravity.
- Katarzyna Retzer
- , Maria Akhmanova
- & Christian Luschnig
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Article
| Open AccessWUSCHEL acts as an auxin response rheostat to maintain apical stem cells in Arabidopsis
Spatial control of auxin signaling maintains a balance between stem-cell self-renewal and differentiation at the plant shoot apex. Here Ma et al. show that rheostatic control of auxin response by the WUSCHEL transcription factor maintains stem cells by conferring resistance to auxin mediated differentiation.
- Yanfei Ma
- , Andrej Miotk
- & Jan U. Lohmann
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Article
| Open AccessBES1 is activated by EMS1-TPD1-SERK1/2-mediated signaling to control tapetum development in Arabidopsis thaliana
BES1 and BZR1 transcription factors are activated by the BRI1-BAK1 receptor complex during brassinosteroid signaling. Here the authors show that BES1-family members also act in anthers, downstream of another receptor-like kinase-mediated signaling pathway, EMS1-TPD1-SERK1/2, to promote tapetum development.
- Weiyue Chen
- , Minghui Lv
- & Jia Li
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Article
| Open AccessEMS1 and BRI1 control separate biological processes via extracellular domain diversity and intracellular domain conservation
EMS1 is a receptor-like kinase that recognizes the peptide ligand TPD1 to specify tapeta in Arabidopsis. Here, via a reciprocal complementation approach, the authors provide evidence that intracellular signaling by EMS1 is interchangeable with that of the brassinosteroid receptor BRI1.
- Bowen Zheng
- , Qunwei Bai
- & Guang Wu
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Article
| Open AccessAuxin-sensitive Aux/IAA proteins mediate drought tolerance in Arabidopsis by regulating glucosinolate levels
Brassicaceae produce glucosinolates to protect against herbivory and pathogens. Here the authors show that auxin-sensitive Aux/IAA repressor proteins regulate aliphatic glucosinolate levels in Arabidopsis and this promotes stomatal closure via reactive oxygen species during drought stress.
- Mohammad Salehin
- , Baohua Li
- & Mark Estelle
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Article
| Open AccessThe grain yield modulator miR156 regulates seed dormancy through the gibberellin pathway in rice
Pre-harvest sprouting reduces the yield of agriculturally important crops such as rice. Here, the authors show that mutating specific members of the MIR156 gene family can suppress pre-harvest sprouting in rice without negative effects on plant architecture, suggesting a practical route to elite crop varieties.
- Chunbo Miao
- , Zhen Wang
- & Jian-Kang Zhu
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Article
| Open AccessCytokinin functions as an asymmetric and anti-gravitropic signal in lateral roots
Lateral roots emerge from the primary root at right angles but briefly grow asymmetrically to set a distinct growth angle. Here Waidmann et al. show that cytokinin acts as an anti-gravitropic signal that impairs growth on the upper side of emerged lateral roots to promote radial expansion of the root system.
- Sascha Waidmann
- , Michel Ruiz Rosquete
- & Jürgen Kleine-Vehn
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Article
| Open AccessPAWH1 and PAWH2 are plant-specific components of an Arabidopsis endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation complex
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD) removes misfolded proteins from the secretory pathway. Here the authors identify two plant-specific proteins in Arabidopsis, PAWH1 and PAWH2, that bind to and stabilise the ER-anchored ubiquitin ligase Hrd1.
- Liangguang Lin
- , Congcong Zhang
- & Jianming Li
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Article
| Open AccessOrthogonal regulation of phytochrome B abundance by stress-specific plastidial retrograde signaling metabolite
MEcPP is an evolutionarily conserved metabolite that acts as a plastid-to-nucleus retrograde signal to regulate adaptive responses to fluctuating light. Here the authors show that MEcPP regulates seedling development by stabilizing the phyB photoreceptor in an auxin and Ca2+ dependent manner.
- Jishan Jiang
- , Liping Zeng
- & Katayoon Dehesh
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Article
| Open AccessSLR1 inhibits MOC1 degradation to coordinate tiller number and plant height in rice
Due to reduced gibberellin sensitivity, modern rice cultivars are shorter than traditional varieties but produce more tillers and have higher yields. Here Liao et al. show that gibberellin contributes to decreased tiller number by degrading the MOC1 protein that suppresses bud outgrowth.
- Zhigang Liao
- , Hong Yu
- & Jiayang Li
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Article
| Open AccessNatural variation of BSK3 tunes brassinosteroid signaling to regulate root foraging under low nitrogen
Plant roots elongate under mild nitrogen deficiency as part of a foraging response that facilitates nutrient uptake. Here the authors show that natural variation in this response among Arabidopsis accessions depends on the brassinosteroid (BR) signaling kinase BSK3, which can enhance BR sensitivity and root growth.
- Zhongtao Jia
- , Ricardo F. H. Giehl
- & Nicolaus von Wirén
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Article
| Open AccessBiosynthesis of DHGA12 and its roles in Arabidopsis seedling establishment
Gibberellins are a major class of phytohormones that regulate plant growth and development. Here the authors show that the Arabidopsis GAS2 protein catalyses production of DHGA12, an atypical bioactive GA, and show that GAS2 regulates ABA sensitivity during seed germination and early development.
- Hao Liu
- , Siyi Guo
- & Chun-Peng Song
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Article
| Open AccessThe apocarotenoid metabolite zaxinone regulates growth and strigolactone biosynthesis in rice
Strigolactone and abscisic acid are carotenoid-derived plant hormones. Here the authors describe the identification of zaxinone, a further apocarotenoid metabolite, which down-regulates strigolactone content and is required for normal growth and development in rice.
- Jian You Wang
- , Imran Haider
- & Salim Al-Babili
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Article
| Open AccessStrigolactone perception and deactivation by a hydrolase receptor DWARF14
Cleavage of strigolactone by the D14 receptor was assumed to produce an active intermediate that promotes signaling. Here the authors show that D14 activity is not dependent on cleavage activity and propose a new model whereby ligand hydrolysis serves to deactivate strigolactone signaling.
- Yoshiya Seto
- , Rei Yasui
- & Shinjiro Yamaguchi
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| Open AccessOverexpression of the vascular brassinosteroid receptor BRL3 confers drought resistance without penalizing plant growth
Drought resistant plants typically have reduced growth. Here the authors show that overexpression of the BRL3 brassinosteroid receptor confers drought tolerance and accumulation of osmoprotectant metabolites without penalizing growth, demonstrating that drought response and growth can be uncoupled.
- Norma Fàbregas
- , Fidel Lozano-Elena
- & Ana I. Caño-Delgado
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Article
| Open AccessThe DNA binding landscape of the maize AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR family
AUXIN RESPONSE FACTORS (ARFs) are a family of plant-specific transcriptional factors involved in auxin signaling. Here, the authors adapt DAP-seq technology to show the binding landscape of 14 maize ARFs and reveal class-specific binding properties and transcriptional coordination by ARFs from different classes.
- Mary Galli
- , Arjun Khakhar
- & Andrea Gallavotti
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Article
| Open AccessA transportome-scale amiRNA-based screen identifies redundant roles of Arabidopsis ABCB6 and ABCB20 in auxin transport
Characterizing plant membrane transporters via genetic methods is complicated by functional redundancy among multi-gene transporter families. Here Zhang et al. use an artificial microRNA-based screen to overcome this issue and show that ABCB6 and ABCB20 act redundantly to regulate auxin transport.
- Yuqin Zhang
- , Victoria Nasser
- & Eilon Shani
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Article
| Open AccessA rationally designed JAZ subtype-selective agonist of jasmonate perception
The phytohormone JA-Ile can promote plant resistance against herbivores and fungal pathogens but also inhibits growth, limiting its potential use in agriculture. Here, the authors design a stereoisomer of JA-Ile analog and demonstrate that it can promote defense while having minimal impact on growth.
- Yousuke Takaoka
- , Mana Iwahashi
- & Minoru Ueda
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| Open AccessNatural selection of a GSK3 determines rice mesocotyl domestication by coordinating strigolactone and brassinosteroid signaling
Long mesocotyl is a critical trait for the application of rice deep direct seeding or mechanized dry seeding cultivation method. Here, Sun et al. find OsGSK2 is selected for mesocotyl length variation during domestication and it coordinates strigolactone and brassinosteroid signaling to determine mesocotyl elongation.
- Shiyong Sun
- , Tao Wang
- & Xuelu Wang
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Article
| Open AccessControl of seed dormancy and germination by DOG1-AHG1 PP2C phosphatase complex via binding to heme
The hormone abscisic acid (ABA) prevents seeds from germination when conditions are not suitable. Here the authors show that DOG1, a positive regulator of germination, impairs ABA signaling via genetic and physical interactions with the AHG1 phosphatase and that DOG1 binding to heme is required for this activity.
- Noriyuki Nishimura
- , Wataru Tsuchiya
- & Toshimasa Yamazaki
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| Open AccessA B-ARR-mediated cytokinin transcriptional network directs hormone cross-regulation and shoot development
Cytokinin regulates gene expression by activation of ARR transcription factors. Here, the authors use ChIP-seq to show how three type B-ARRs mediate cytokinin response in Arabidopsis and provide evidence that cytokinin regulates meristem development by promoting B-ARR binding to WUSCHEL.
- Mingtang Xie
- , Hongyu Chen
- & Joseph R. Ecker
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Article
| Open AccessRice auxin influx carrier OsAUX1 facilitates root hair elongation in response to low external phosphate
Plant root architecture can adapt to different nutrient conditions in the soil. Here Giri et al. show that the rice auxin influx carrier AUX1 mobilizes auxin from the root apex to the differentiation zone and promotes root hair elongation when roots encounter low external phosphate.
- Jitender Giri
- , Rahul Bhosale
- & Malcolm J. Bennett
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| Open AccessA mechanistic framework for auxin dependent Arabidopsis root hair elongation to low external phosphate
Plant root hairs elongate in response to low soil phosphate. Here Bhosale et al. show that root hair elongation requires auxin synthesis mediated by TAA1, auxin transport by AUX1 in the lateral root cap and epidermis, and signaling via the auxin-inducible ARF19, RSL2 and RSL4 transcription factors.
- Rahul Bhosale
- , Jitender Giri
- & Ranjan Swarup
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Article
| Open AccessAUX1-mediated root hair auxin influx governs SCFTIR1/AFB-type Ca2+ signaling
Auxin regulates multiple aspects of plant growth and development. Here Dindas et al. show that in root-hair cells, the AUX1 auxin influx carrier mediates proton-driven auxin import that is perceived by auxin receptors and coupled to Ca2+ waves that may modulate adaptive responses in the root.
- Julian Dindas
- , Sönke Scherzer
- & Rainer Hedrich
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Article
| Open AccessHydrogen peroxide positively regulates brassinosteroid signaling through oxidation of the BRASSINAZOLE-RESISTANT1 transcription factor
Hydrogen peroxide and brassinosteroids (BR) both regulate plant development and stress responses. Here Tian et al. show that hydrogen peroxide can trigger oxidation of the BR-responsive BZR1 transcription factor and promote its transcriptional activity, thereby linking BR and redox signaling.
- Yanchen Tian
- , Min Fan
- & Ming-Yi Bai
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Article
| Open AccessSpatial specificity of auxin responses coordinates wood formation
Auxin activity controls plant stem cell function. Here the authors show that in the cambium, moderate auxin activity restricts cambial stem cell number via ARF5-dependent repression of the stem‐cell‐promoting factor WOX4, while ARF3 and ARF4 promote cambial activity outside of the WOX4‐expression domain.
- Klaus Brackmann
- , Jiyan Qi
- & Thomas Greb
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Article
| Open AccessMSD1 regulates pedicellate spikelet fertility in sorghum through the jasmonic acid pathway
Inflorescence architecture affects crop grain yield. Here, the authors deploy whole-genome sequencing-based bulk segregant analysis to identify the causal gene of a sorghum multi-seeded (msd) mutant and suggest MSD1 regulating the fertility of the pedicellate spikelets through jasmonic acid pathway.
- Yinping Jiao
- , Young Koung Lee
- & Zhanguo Xin
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Article
| Open AccessFine-tuning of auxin homeostasis governs the transition from floral stem cell maintenance to gynoecium formation
In Arabidopsis, the timing of floral meristem termination is determined by AGAMOUS. Here, the authors show that the CRC transcription factor, itself a direct target of AGAMOUS, coordinates meristem termination with subsequent gynoecium formation partly by repressing TRN2 expression and regulating auxin homeostasis.
- Nobutoshi Yamaguchi
- , Jiangbo Huang
- & Toshiro Ito
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Article
| Open AccessTyrosine phosphorylation of the GARU E3 ubiquitin ligase promotes gibberellin signalling by preventing GID1 degradation
Plants respond to gibberellins via GID1-dependent degradation of DELLA proteins. Here, Nemoto et al. show that the gibberellin response is positively regulated by tyrosine phosphorylation of GARU, an E3 ubiquitin ligase that mediates degradation of GID1.
- Keiichirou Nemoto
- , Abdelaziz Ramadan
- & Tatsuya Sawasaki
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Article
| Open AccessBrassinosteroid signaling-dependent root responses to prolonged elevated ambient temperature
Moderate heat stimulates the growth of Arabidopsis shoots in an auxin-dependent manner. Here, Martins et al. show that elevated ambient temperature modifies root growth by reducing the BRI1 brassinosteroid-receptor protein level and downregulating brassinosteroid signaling.
- Sara Martins
- , Alvaro Montiel-Jorda
- & Grégory Vert
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Article
| Open AccessPyrazinamide and derivatives block ethylene biosynthesis by inhibiting ACC oxidase
Ethylene is a plant hormone that promotes fruit ripening. Here, the authors identify pyrazinamide, a drug used to treat tuberculosis, as an inhibitor of ethylene biosynthesis inArabidopsis thalianaand present the crystal structure of its active form (pyrazinecarboxylic acid) bound to ACC oxidase.
- Xiangzhong Sun
- , Yaxin Li
- & Hongwei Guo
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Article
| Open AccessVariation in auxin sensing guides AUX/IAA transcriptional repressor ubiquitylation and destruction
The phytohormone auxin is sensed by SCFTIR1-AUX/IAA receptors leading to AUX/IAA repressor ubiquitylation and turnover. Here the authors show that IAA6 and IAA19 differ in their ubiquitylation and turnover dynamics, differentially contributing to auxin sensing and enabling discrimination of auxin concentrations.
- Martin Winkler
- , Michael Niemeyer
- & Luz Irina A. Calderón Villalobos
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Article
| Open AccessRD26 mediates crosstalk between drought and brassinosteroid signalling pathways
Brassinosteroid (BR) signalling regulates plant development via the BES1/BZR1 family of transcription factors. Here the authors show that BES1 activity can be modified by the drought-responsive RD26 transcription factor providing a molecular basis for the interaction between drought and BR signalling.
- Huaxun Ye
- , Sanzhen Liu
- & Yanhai Yin
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Article
| Open AccessCryptic bioactivity capacitated by synthetic hybrid plant peptides
Peptide hormones play versatile roles in plant development and environmental responses. Here the authors report the engineering of a synthetic plant peptide that acts on meristems through interaction with both the CLV1 and TDR/PXY receptors ofArabidopsis thaliana.
- Yuki Hirakawa
- , Hidefumi Shinohara
- & Naoyuki Uchida
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Article
| Open AccessJasmonate response decay and defense metabolite accumulation contributes to age-regulated dynamics of plant insect resistance
Immunity deteriorates with age in animals but less is known about how aging affects immunity in plants. Here, Maoet al. show that responsiveness to the major insect defense hormone JA declines as plants age, but insect resistance still increases as plants accumulate secondary metabolites such as glucosinolates.
- Ying-Bo Mao
- , Yao-Qian Liu
- & Xiao-Ya Chen
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Article
| Open AccessArabidopsis seed germination speed is controlled by SNL histone deacetylase-binding factor-mediated regulation of AUX1
Histone acetylation influences the speed of seed germination. Here, Wang et al. show that loss of the SNL1/SNL2 histone deacetylase binding factors accelerates seed germination and provide evidence that they act by regulating the expression of AUX1which in turn influences cell division.
- Zhi Wang
- , Fengying Chen
- & Yongxiu Liu